It is vital to consider the spatial variations of ground motions in the design of extended structures and long bridges. In this paper, the effect of spatial variations of ground motions and local site conditions on the response of non-uniform column heights bridge is studied. To generate non-uniform accelerometers of ground motion, a simulated algorithm based on the spectrum design with unstable multivariate random process functions and a spectral density matrix is used. Accelerometers were generated with a coherence function including the effect of wave propagation and the duration of the earthquake that is consistent with the selected response spectrum. In addition, the simulation is performed in 800 time intervals with a time step of 0.025 seconds. The maximum ground acceleration is assumed 0.35 g. The response of the bridge with a length of about 242 m with 5 spans under the effect of uniform and non-uniform accelerometers was investigated by nonlinear time history analysis in OpenSees program. The local site effect was assumed by changing soil type (soil under the two piers is softer than the other piers) and apparent wave velocity under different bridge piers. The apparent velocity of the wave propagation of the soft soil assumed 1000 m/s and for the hard soil 2000 m/s. To verify the acceleration of the generated accelerograms, the generated spectrum is compared with the Eurocode design spectrum, and to validate the analysis performed on the bridge, the ratio of M/  calculated and compared with ratio that calculated by Shinozaka and Deodatis. In this paper variations of axial force, shear force and bending moments in bridge piers in different positions were studied as comparison criteria. The results showed that the simultaneity of spatial variations of ground motions and changes in the soil conditions causes a significant increase in the bridge response. Comparison of the results in the two input cases of uniform and non-uniform spatial variations of ground motions shows that the properties of spatial variations of earthquake motions can affect the response of the bridge. The results are compared based on the ratio of the maximum stress created at the base in the non-uniform excitation state to the maximum created in the uniform excitation state or the ratio of the maximum stress created at the base in the variable soil to the same soil. Based on the presented results, it was observed that the maximum bending moments in variable soil conditions can be increased to about 2.5 times to the maximum created in the same soil condition in the piers and also the maximum axial force created in the two shorter piers in the non-uniform excitation state is up to 2 times larger than in the uniform excitation state, and if the effect of different soils is applied to the two middle piers, the axial force in the middle two piers can be increased up to 3 times. Based on the obtained results, it is observed that the maximum shear force created in the direction of the transverse axis in the two middle piers occurred in a situation where non-uniform excitation coincides with the change of soil conditions under the piers and the bending moment in the direction of the transverse axis in the piers in this case has increased up to 120%.

 
Introduction:
“Rationality” is one of the most influencing epistemological frameworks in urban planning, though this concept is criticized and denied by post-modernist advocates. The critics believe that it is the “post-rationality” era in urban planning. Furthermore, the concept of rationality has become a negative concept as it has been taken synonymous with an uncompromising technical and professional superiority. According to critics, rationality ignores the other types of knowledge - such as subjective impressions, common sense, social and human values, intuitions and so on – and only justify positivism and value - free knowledge. These criticisms might be due to decreasing the concept of “rationality” to “instrumental rationality”, while there is a variety of concepts of rationality which are different from each other.
 This article tries to focus on and develop the necessity and importance of the dialectical challenge amid theory and practice in urban planning. This is done by addressing the stereotypes about the concept and application of “rationality” in urban planning” and the doubts which have led to its denial through 1) clarifying more deeply the definition of the concept of rationality; 2) tracing its chronological and conceptual evolution; and 3) dissecting its influences upon the theories and approaches urban planning. The first two are exploratory- descriptive purposes and the third one is descriptive- analytical purpose of this article.
 
Methodology
To achieve the mentioned purposes of this article, the theoretical, experimental, and technical frameworks which are related to the concept of “rationality” has been examined. This article is based on a descriptive-explanatory research and the related text data has been analyzed by the “chronological analysis” method within “qualitative approach” to address the questions of “why”, “how”, “where” and “when”. Furthermore, in this article “thematic analysis method” is being used to trace the themes or repeating pattern in the data sets to describe the research question. By recognition of important and critical events in chronological continuum of the related concepts of the research, this article does not focus on dialectical relationship between knowledge. The methods used to collect and analysis the data within suggested process in the article are included: a) data collection and processing: the data used in this article are secondary data and the method of collecting this data is document review which consist of related data in valid and reliable books and articles; b) data analysis: there is a dual path to analysis the data in this article. In exploratory- descriptive path, it has been traced the theories, concepts and global experiments related to the concept of rationality in urban spatial strategic planning. The output of this path is recognition of the criteria of rationality and irrationality. In descriptive- analytical path, in order to address the third question of the research, this article tries to propose a framework to connect the urban planning approach to different types of rationality to upgrade the actions and interactions of planning.
 
Results and Discussion
The chronological evolution of rationality in planning and its effect on planning approach can be discussed within five periods: in the first period, rationality as a pure reason was seen in comprehensive planning. The focus of planning in this period was on “the best action” to achieve the goals set by the employers. It was assumed the needed resources for planning are unlimited and accessible and planners were a value – free technocrat. In the second period, rationality was still introduced as pure reason and the rational comprehensive planning focused on choosing “efficient action” to face the “planning problems”. The main assumption in this period was the existence of unlimited time and resources for problem finding. In the third period, the limitations of time and data resources in planning were been recognized by a planner. Two dominant approaches were identifiable in this period: a) the approaches based on “substantive rationality”: in these approaches, planner as savior tried to do “justly action” to address “plural values” in society. Therefore, while these approaches were concerned about the “ends” and being justly and fair, they were based on substantive rationality; and b) the approaches based on “formal or functional rationality”: the other planning approaches were interested in mutual consensus between the groups with opposite interest - without caring about the quality of the decisions made by these consensus. So, in these approaches the main actors of planning were interest group and not planners. Fourth period was the period of maturity of rationality concept in planning. In this period substantive and formal rationality were dominant concepts and the “communicating rationality” was introduced. The main purpose of the dominant approaches in this period was focusing on efficient, fair and justly and collective action to tolerate the less defeat and face the uncertainties. In the fifth period the communication rationality is the dominant in planning. The approaches based on this concept are concerned about interactions - not actions -. The main purpose of planning in this period is to achieve to not just a “consensus”, but a “consensus based on a mutual understanding”.
 
Conclusion
The output of this article was a conceptual model in order to show the typology of rationality and their evolution; tracing their influence on urban planning approaches; and explaining the necessity of this concept in strategic spatial planning. Finally the deterrent of using rationality in urban strategic spatial planning could be introduced as: first) the absence of a legal prescribed agenda for the institution which are engaged in urban planning process; second) the epistemological, eclecticism, and political gaps in urban planning and the absence of an agreed definition of strategic spatial planning based of rational thinking; and third) negligence in adaptation underlying economic and political traditions, epistemological foundations and theories and approaches use in planning action and practice.

Introduction and Problem statement: The life of the planning system in Iran, which is based on sectoral planning, lasts about six decades. The trend of sectorial planning, especially in the decades of the first establishment of the development planning system in the country, has been influenced by the world-wide viewpoints. Implementation of economic development programs based on a sectorial planning approach in Iran, leads to regional imbalances, marginalization of some regions, loss of regional resources and capabilities, and territorial inequalities.
Surveying of the current state of the country shows that the centralization and overcoming of the sectorial planning approach has disturbed the development process of the country.
 
Theoretical and literature review: The underdevelopment of Iran has been accompanied by a degree of concentration that has reflected in the national planning system. Over the decades, the dominant planning approach was development with induction from above relying on high oil revenues. As a result, local communities have been recipients of development products in the form of the unbalanced, before they engage in the development process and acquire necessary social capacity for development.
The center of Space Science is Geography and Location, Which itself includes other dimensions of space. This science deals with two dimensions of life and its needs, and claims that these two aspects are interrelated: 1) the dimension of nature, meaning, the relationship between societies and the environment, 2) and the spatial dimension, that is, the differences within and outside the living space (regional, societies), As well as spatial relationships between different types of society that are different from the regional perspective. The connection between two types of geography is that regional differences are essentially the result of different ways of social transformation in nature. Spatial planning is considered as a tool for creating solutions with the particular purpose of organizing geographical areas.

Over the centuries, for the administration of the affairs of the country, Iran has been zoned with different intentions. In the past, zoning was largely a political, administrative or military aspect. This article tries to examine and evaluate zoning efforts in the last century, describe each zoning and indicate an overview of it. It is hoped to be the gateway to further research on zoning and spatial planning.In more than four decades of land-use studies in Iran, this approach of planning has undergone various changes in terms of both epistemology and methodology and evolved with respect to the internal and external requirements.
The concept of zoning is not a new phenomenon; its history dates back to the 19th century. Different countries in the world deal with zoning with different principles and indicators at any level (macro and micro). Indicators that are generally common in the world are shown in Table 3. These indicators are used according to the zoning level. For example, indicators based on geographic or natural attributes are most often used for natural zoning under the control of environmental organizations. Also, zoning related to economics and competitiveness is used at urban and metropolitan levels. In general, indicators are divided into four main categories, including legal, political-security, socio-cultural, and geographic-communicational indicators.
 
Materials and methodology: If the zoning is to be accepted in the first and foremost purposes and in traditional ways, then the history of Iranian habitation and civilization should be linked to it in different times and for various purposes. For a long time, the great differences in the ecological characteristics of the regions, the scope of cultural-social realms and the vastness of the land have been pushing governors to apply more power and sustain it to land zoning. The division of the country into Satraps during the Achaemenid dynasty is a sign of the long tradition of this tradition and its historic continuity in the form of states and provinces is an indication of necessity in all periods.However, in the recent century, and especially over the past decades, the zoning has taken on new dimensions because of the complexity of the nature of relations and the necessity of systematizing it in the form of space.
In this paper, the evolution of zoning studies in the last century has been reviewed and evaluated. At first, the status of the spatial planning of our country from the beginning to the present is mentioned briefly and a glimpse into the history of the spatial planning in some countries is made. Then, zoning in the post-Constitutional era is described, in which, the codified law of the Iranian system of planning appeared for the first time, and all the pre-revolutionary regions are explained. In the next step, the review and evaluation of the zoning from the post-revolutionary period to the present are conducted. For this purpose, the analytical-descriptive research and library browsing method has been utilized. In addition, using ArcGis software, all maps of this region are produced, and in the end, the challenges and defects of zoning in Iran are mentioned.
Results and discussion: results and findings of the research show that over the centuries in Iran, zoning has been based on political issues with the aim of managing and collecting taxes, military issues, and etc. After the Constitutionalism, the divisions of the states and provinces have been conducted with the same purposes, however, the divisions are smaller in size, with regard to natural and human issues. Over time, with increasing population and increasing administrative problems and demands of the people, the political (administrative) divisions in the provinces, towns, districts and villages have become smaller and smaller.
Since 1330s, especially from 1335 to 1357, non-political zoning have been established in Iran with the purpose of economic development. Their features are mainly: The purpose of these zonings was not to create new political and administrative divisions; The purpose of these zonings was the economic development of the regions with economic poles; The purpose of these zonings was more for material development of the regions; The purpose of these zonings was not to balance between the regions of the country; In these zonings, mainly people and human development and elimination of deprivation have not been important; The funding of these zonings has been based on oil revenue.
The post-revolutionary zonings also have their own characteristics. A change in the divisions of the country was in order to better manage affairs and respond to new administrative needs and demands of the people. These divisions, which are a kind of zoning, have led to the creation of new administrative boundaries. Zonings were created to eliminate poverty and general development (eliminating human poverty and regional poverty). These zoning are not intended to provide new political and administrative division; but also in the same divisions, to the socioeconomic characteristics of the regions.The orientations of planning in each land are largely due to the views and thoughts of politicians and political thinkers of that land. Without realizing the ideologies behind these planning, one cannot properly analyze the various economic, social, and cultural issues of the land.

Introduction
Tourism is one of the forces shaping today’s world. According to statistics, the largest global employment segment has been for tourism (10% of GDP). One out of every 11 jobs is a tourism related business and 29% of the services are related to this activity. In addition, according to the World Tourism Organization, the number of tourists will reach 1.8 billion by 2030. Indeed, due to its umbrella feature and socio-cultural empathy, tourism is an important tool in development of infrastructure, creating revenue for the host society and governments, and balancing regional development strategies. So development of this activity in Iran will provide good conditions for the development of it as a destination for international tourists. This is due to the existence of tourist attractions and, on the other hand, the satisfaction of them at a higher level than expected. Therefore, it can be said that providing optimal services for tourists is one of the main bases in Attraction and satisfaction of tourists.     For this purpose, the present study is conducted with the aim of analyzing and spatially leveling the tourism routes of Tehran province according to the tourism services and facilities. This study is trying to answer the question whether the spatial distribution of tourism services in the tourism areas of Tehran province is proportional to the pattern of distribution of tourist attractions of each rote, which is the interface between the tourist and the attractions? And In the case of absence of balance, problematic routes are identified and sought to eliminate or reduce them.
 
Research Methodology
     Based on the purpose of the research, this research is appliedand according to the method and nature, is descriptive-analytic. According to the research objectives, the effective measures in tourism services are initially adapted from Farjisabokbar et al. (2014). then, according to the criteria, spatial data of the region level has been collected. Using the Fuller Hierarchy Model, the relevant criteria are weighed and then, using the ORESTE model, the corresponding rote are ranked and finally, the map of the leveling of tourism route in the province has been drawn up. It is worth to mention, all the daily public tourist routes of the province (as defined by the Cultural Heritage Organization) in accordance with the main route of the province has been Matched and selected. Therefore, this research does not have a statistical sample and its statistical society is according to the daily routes of the province's tourism, all of the main routes of the province of Tehran lead to tourist attractions.
 Discussion
    The purpose of this study is to measure the daily tourism of Tehran province, which is the relationship between tourists and attractions based on services and facilities. Therefore, in the first stage, criteria and research indicators are obtained, which is the most important part of the research process. It should be noted that the number of services and facilities located near each tourist route are considered. For this reason, for each route, one kilometer radius of Buffer is considered and because of better access and the need of tourists to this type of service, the number of services in this area has been identified. Also for the number of towns and villages as well as tourist attractions, Bufferis considered at a radius of 5 km;because cities and villages have the least amount of services in practice. After data collection, a matrix is formed that specifies the values of each of the indicators.
The research results indicate that the tourist routes of the east and south-east of the province such as (Tehran-Khosrowabad, Pardis-Sarbandan-Firouzkooh-Saraza), (Tehran-Khosrowabad, Pardis-Sarbandan-Firouzkooh-Shahr Abad), (Tehran-Khosrowabad, Pardis-Mehrabad) are the origins of tourists entering and to the green areas of Damavand and Firoozkooh and from there to Tehran has the minimum required services for tourists. In addition, rote such as "Tehran-Rey-Varamin-Javadieh", which leads to the National Park of the Kavir considering the potential of these attractions in attracting tourists, has a minimum of facilities.
 Conclusion
     Tehran province has tourism attractions as well as infrastructure such as airport and strong transportation network, which has radially connected the whole country to the capital, ultimately, has somehow added to the importance of tourism in the city of Tehran. So that the vast majority of visitors and tourists on the international level are forced to visit and stay in Tehran. So, the routes providing access to these tourist attractions should have a minimum of quality services in their area. However, results indicate that most of the provinces have been deprived of this route. Routes of the northeast, east, and south east have longer distances which leads to boredom and fatigue of tourists. Hence, more attention should be paid to these routes to ensure the satisfaction of tourists. Therefore, after identifying this issue, a better management of tourists will be provided. by providing the right service, we must meet the most needs of this cortex and as well asthe routes with limitations in terms of services,and try to solve their problems.

Due to the potentials and social, economic and environmental considerations land suitability analysis is the most important geographical issues in spatial planning plans. The lack of an integrated approach and the uncertainty in these problems has led the inherent conflicts associated with land suitability analysis. Currently, land suitability analysis in spatial planning plans is done without taking conflicts over land suitability during modeling.  The purpose of this study is development a spatial decision support system (SDSS) appropriate with spatial planning requirements in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad based on LUCIS model. The present study focuses on three major kinds of land uses include agriculture, natural resources and urban with an integrated vision.  The spatial model used in this research is (LUCIS). In this study, Demand and concerns of stakeholders will be operational with the development and deployment of a spatial decision support system (SDSS). In this context, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis will be used. The Result of this system is a spatial system that automatically performs land use modeling accordance with the views of decision-makers based on LUCIS model. Land use conflicts will be identified as well as in the present system.
 

 
Introduction
 Rural areas, as geographical space, have different dimensions that require decision making for spatial development. The spatial development as a rare resource (sarrafi,2015,16) requires strategic policy-making, planning and governance in the current and future situation, so the optimal allocation of the spatial development in territorial policymaking is important; (sarrafi,2015,16) the scope of territorial expansion Rural Settlements, Variety of Territorial Capabilities of Rural Areas in Different Dimensions of Natural-Ecological, Social, Economic and Spatial, Territorial Integration, sectoral and Organizational in Spatial Development (Kidd, 2007), Collaboration Between sectoral and Territorial (Dominic Acid, Ayurte Meijer, 2009), context orientation (Lewis Albert, 2006), integration and participation of development actors Disability (Paul Carynclas, Sophia Hatzpia Neely, 2010) and (F. Van Weillin (2012), Implementation and Policymaking systems, Attitudes toward Rural Development, Policy-Making Policies, Rural Development Laws and Regulations Framework (Dervishes & Partners , 1396) are among the key factors influencing the complexity of spatial organization and the design of spatial development scenarios in rural areas. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the key driving forces and alternative futures of spatial development in rural areas?
2- Which scenarios are appropriate for spatial development in rural areas?
 
Methodology
The present research is applied in terms of targeted and analytical in nature. The method of data collection is based on the use of data collection techniques such as the questionnaire or Cross Impact Matiex, the techniques of reduction of data (factors) Delphi methodology and data analysis techniques are based on cross-impact analysis. According to the requirements of using expert-oriented method, 20 experts and managers of national levels were selected using stratified sampling method. Data analysis has been done using the scenario wizard software, so that after identifying strategic driving force and identifying the alternatives for each of them, in order to measure the effect of different situations on each other , A range of positive effects, ineffective and negative effects were identified. In this framework, based on three attributes, increasing, decreasing and decreasing, the effects of alternative futures were identified in a range of numbers between 3 and +3.
 
Results and Discussion
Identifying the main driveing for spatial development, mapping of the Cross Impact Matiex and compiling spatial development scenarios in rural areas based on strategic drivers are among the most important findings of the research.
 In this regard, research findings have shown that the driving forces of the "policy framework and implementation of the programs", " attitude towards the development of rural areas", "rural development laws and regulations", "oil revenues and rural development" " inconsistency of policymaking-based policy making", " decision-making system (policy-making, planning and goodgovernance) in rural development" has been identified as the main (strategic) driving in the design process of spatial development scenarios. In addition, the propulsion has 19 possible modes (alternative futures).
 Conclusion
Based on the results of the Cross-Impact Balance Analysis, 36 scenarios have been developed in scenario-driven software, in which 27 are weak scenarios, 6 are incompatible scenarios and 3 are highly adaptive scenarios. In the meantime, based on the criteria for assessing scenarios, three scenarios with a high degree of adaptability are possible. These scenarios include Zagros Spring, Spring Welcome, and Zagros Autumn, which are derived from a combination of a range of alternatives for six strategic driving forces strategic.
 

Aim and Introduction
Today, planners and decision makers of countries need timely and accurate evaluation of their decisions and policies. The issue of time and precision is so important that it provides the possibility of implementing possible changes and modifications of patterns and plans, and prevents wasting resources and opportunities. Fortunately, various indicators have provided such a possibility to evaluate these policies and decisions. Misery index is one of the most important measures of social welfare. This index is obtained from the linear combination of inflation and unemployment. This index was introduced by Aokan (1999) and expanded by Barro (1996). An increase in the misery index is associated with many social and economic costs, such as an increase in crime, poverty, divorce, a decrease in social security, damage to mental health, the collapse of families, a decrease in health expenses, and a decrease in life expectancy. Inflation causes the imposition of welfare costs by reducing the value of people’s financial assets, and on the other hand, it harms production by creating uncertainty in the decisions of institutions for investment and creating other costs. Inflation leads to sub - optimal allocation of resources, economic inefficiency and social, cultural and political disorder of the society. Unemployment like inflation is the cause of chaos in the economic conditions of the society. Unemployment has caused people to suffer from social problems such as crimes, addiction and moral corruption. Unemployment causes people to be caught in social problems such as crime, addiction and moral corruption.
Methodology
Knowledge and awareness of the state of misery index in the regions of the country in certain time horizons are very important for the planners of the region and economic policy makers of the country. Considering the importance of the misery index, this question is raised: Which factors affect the convergence of the misery index in the provinces? In this regard, several studies have been conducted in the field of misery index. However, none of the studies have investigated the influence of the factors affecting the convergence of the misery index in the provinces using spatial econometrics.
In economic literature, there are several methods for investigating the convergence. Absolute beta convergence and conditional beta convergence have been used in this study. Absolute beta convergence is formed independently of initial conditions and other characteristics of an economy.
For this purpose, using theoretical foundations and empirical studies, the variables of economic growth, monetary indiscipline, human capital, and information and communications technology (ICT) were added to the convergence model as explanatory variables. Absolute beta convergence and conditional beta convergence models have been estimated using the spatial econometric method over the period 2006-2020.
In this study, after defining the spatial weight matrix, the unit root test is used to examine the "stationary" of the variables. Moran test and Lagrange multiplier test are used to detect spatial autocorrelation and examine the presence of spatial effects, respectively. Chow's test is used to determine whether the data is a panel, and Hausman's spatial test is used to use the fixed or random effect method. Finally, the model is estimated, and effects of space spillovers are analyzed with "spatial econometrics method" by accounting for direct and indirect effects in Stata software.
The calculations of the overflow coefficients of each province on other provinces and the drawing of maps were done using R software and Maptools, Spdep and IMPact function packages for the year 2019.
The statistical data including inflation and unemployment rates are used to calculate misery index. Gross domestic product, population, number of university graduates (as human capital index) are extracted from statistical yearbook of the provinces and Statistical Center of Iran. The penetration coefficient of the internet (as ICT indicator) is extracted from Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, as well as facilities and deposits after deducting legal trust are gathered from the Central Bank of Iran. The statistical population of this study is the provinces of Iran except for Alborz province.
The results of stationary test using Levin, Lin and Chu (2002) method showed that all variables are stationary at level. Also, the null hypothesis of Moran's test regarding the absence of spatial effects in absolute convergence model and conditional convergence model was rejected. Therefore, the presence of spatial effects in absolute and conditional convergence models was confirmed. According to the conducted tests, the spatial auto-regression method (SAC) was used in this study. The results of the spatial Hausman test also showed that the models should be estimated using the fixed effects method.


Findings
The results of estimating the models showed that economic growth and human capital have a negative and significant effect, ICT and monetary indiscipline of banks have a positive and significant effect on the convergence of the misery index in the provinces. According to the speed of convergence, in the case of annual absolute convergence of about 10.9 % and in the case of conditional convergence of about 12.6 % , the gap between the " current growth rate of the misery index " of the provinces and the " long - term equilibrium misery index " of the provinces will be resolved. In the case of conditional convergence, the time required to eliminate half of the aforementioned gap is about 5.5 years. It should be noted that in this study, the misery index is a negative variable. The interpretation of the beta coefficient means that there is an opposite relationship between the initial situation and the average growth rate of the misery index: That is, regions with a lower "misery index" move towards the average misery index with a higher speed and higher growth rate than other regions. This means that the economic situation of the provinces is getting worse. Therefore, it is expected that the provinces will converge to their long - term equilibrium misery index and the gap between the current growth rate of the province's misery index and its long - term equilibrium will be resolved.
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the positive and significant effect of the monetary indiscipline index on the convergence of the misery index in the provinces, it can be said that with the increase of monetary indiscipline in the banks, liquidity has increased at the community level. Consequently, it has caused an increase in the general level of prices and an increase in the misery index. On the other hand, due to the economic situation of Iran, the existence of economic and banking sanctions and the impossibility of financing and investing in foreign sectors, the government's credit facilities and debt to banks have increased, and the monetary indiscipline index of banks is increasing, and as a result, the liquidity risk of banks is increasing. As a result, the lending power of banks will decrease, that is, it is not possible to grant large bank loans to drive the productive and entrepreneurial sectors into spur the economic growth of the provinces, and this will cause a decrease in employment, a decrease in the level of production, and then an increase in unemployment. This is why the misery index increases in the provinces. The spatial coefficient of the interval of the dependent variable is positive and significant. The existence of a positive and significant coefficient of the spatial dependence variable shows the positive effect of the poverty index of neighboring provinces on each other, so the distance between the provinces of the country has an effect on the convergence of the poverty index.