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Number is a grammatical concept, whose singular/plural distinction has been mentioned in many Persian grammar books; but less attention has been paid to various semantic functions of plurality. So it is often interpreted as referring to more than one entity. The present article is an attempt to investigate mopho-semantic aspects of “hâ” as one of the most frequent plural-making morphemes, particularly with the aim of examining two questions hereunder:
What are the morpho-semantic functions of “hâ” plural-marker in Persian?
To what extend does Persian number system follow from the range of cross-linguistic varieties?
Assessment of data (collected from written texts, grammar books and author’s intuition) according to Acquaviva’s framework (2008) clarifies that Persian follows from typological semantic functions and plural-making with “hâ” represents different interpretations in relation to basic lexical meaning of nouns it attaches to. In sum, plurality in Persian conceptualizes one or more functions as follows:
- referring to more than one entity;
- representing imperfect aspect;
- expressing cohesion;
- representing blurred perceptual boundary;
- reflecting concrete reading of abstract and spatio-temporal nouns;
- affirming instantiation, quantitative and qualitative abundance of the referent;
- indicating distributive-dispersal interpretation of mass nouns, similarity; and
- highlighting emphasis on the referent.
It is worth mentioning that some aforementioned functions such as representing aspect, quantitative abundance, emphasizing and approximate temporal extension have not been introduced in the Acquaviva’s framework and they can just be found in Persian. Nevertheless, it is also possible to explain these by extending the conceptual modules of the framework.
 

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Due to individual regression in ancient world, body and its components were not important identity-making elements in the semiotic system of Persian classic texts. On the other hand with the emergence of socio-cultural factors in the contemporary world, literary subjects reflection based on body and its requirements became common, and body -orientation and body knowledge were the bases of social and textual subjects-objects introduction and calling. In this study the body-oriented reflection of subjects-objects identity of Jamalzadeh’s Yeki Bud,YekiNabud is analyzed in the light of “body as a symbolic-sociological theme” based on Weblen and Bourdieu’s theories. Because Jamalzade is one of the first Iranian story-tellers who has relied on body portrayal and its component to reflect the identity of textual and inside-story subject-objects identity and to reproduce the identity of subject-objects, both directly and indirectly reflected as actions and conditions which emanate from body and contain consumption and taste signs. The conclusion showed  that in realistic narration, out of the mentioned subjects, three categories have been reflected:A)The high class who by means of cultural capitals such as: literacy, language, clothing and physical distance as well as different types of apparent and real consumption flaunts its power, and simultaneously they are degraded by satire and grotesque. B)the middle class with deprived and non-ostentatious cultural capital,  which can be observed in clothing, language and lack of confidence which is seen in their physical distance from others. C)another class as the removed or silent one, in these reproductions, body-orientation and body-knowledge have been mainly organized in the form of actions and behaviors such as speaking, wearing, arranging body distance and some forms of body language; and this body orientation in the form of taste and consumption or signs of flaunting consumption and some types of cultural capital, not only has portrayed class distinction due to body, but also has reflected the anxiety, anger and struggle latent in them and has impeached them. Unlike the two previous classes, they have been affected by this classification of taste and consumption. Such narration along with cultural-social texture and reflecting the individuality of the subjects based on physical function, decreases the prestige of dominant discourses on the one hand, and reminds the forgotten prestige of the silent voices on the other hand.
 

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Economic development is one of the major policies of a country which is concerned to industry and technology on one hand and leads to environmental pollution on the other hand. The experiences of developed countries show that economic development with emphasis on the industry sector, without any attention to environment, can create serious problem against sustainable development. Industrialization has caused increasing energy consumption and therefore air pollution. It's so important to consider the relationship between industrial activities and industrial pollution in developing countries, because industry sector has a basic role in development process of these countries. Therefore the aim of this study is examining and qualifying of linkage between industrial activity and air pollution, using an industry-level dataset of IRAN manufacturing industries during the period 1995-2007. The result of study shows that air pollution is a positive function of energy consumption, industrial activity and physical capital intensity and also is a negative function of labor productivity, fuel price and human skill intensity.

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In this paper, the authors deal with polysemy of a Persian suffix, –gar, its development, and some non-compositional aspects of meanings of the words derived from it. –gar is a productive agentive suffix in Persian deriving deverbal/denominal agent nouns and adjectives. The polysemous derived agent nouns are categorized as human agent nouns, human agent nouns denoting an occupation and non-human agent nouns (instruments). We investigate this polysemy in the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010). Construction Morphology provides a framework for proper account of word formation processes, in particular derivation, by employing a lexeme-based approach and by considering some morphological schemas/constructions in word formation.
Present analysis is based on a data set extracted from diachronic and synchronic corpora. First, a collection of 124 words derived from –gar was extracted from two dictionaries of Sokhan and Zansou (a Persian reveres dictionary) as well as from Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB). Present work also takes into account a diachronic perspective by searching the collected non-human agent nouns (instruments) in the diachronic corpus of Farhanyar, which contains literary works spanning from 9th century up to the present century and is the only diachronic corpus in Persian. The collected nouns were subsequently assigned to different categories of general human agents, human agents denoting a job, and non-human agents (instruments) based on their semantic variations. Meaning of ‘human agent of a regular and distinguished action related to the meaning of the base’ was assigned to [x-gar] construction as a prototypical meaning and a starting point for the ramification. The authors propose here that the development of instrument sub-schema- as a recent development in function of gar- is due to the influence of English loan words derived from –er. It seems that the mechanism behind this development is approximation i.e. the metaphoric extension at patterns level and not at the words level. The authors also argue that words with meanings of job and non-job agentive nouns are derived from two independent sub-schemas

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Lexicology and morphology are among the most influential sciences on meaning and Quran translation. The proximity of the Persian and Arabic languages has led to the use of some vocabulary in both languages, but with different meanings. Additionally, Arabic words are highly variable, and morphology is responsible for examining these changes. These changes in inflected and derived words follow specific rules, and the translators' lack of understanding and application of these rules sometimes leads to confusion with other words, resulting in incorrect translations being presented to the audience. The present study, using an analytical-descriptive method, aims to examin the application of lexicology and morphology in approximately 15 Quranic verses, highlighting examples of translators' errors and suggesting solutions to avoid translation mistakes. The current research issue is focused on the question: ‘What is the application of lexicology and morphology and its importance in Quran translation?’ The most significant finding in the field of lexicology is the proof of the principle of "Not relying on initial mental meanings." The importance of this principle is demonstrated in 9 Quranic verses. Regarding morphology, "Accuracy in the correct form of verbs" and "Precision in tracing the correct roots of words" are the most important research findings. These two principles are applied in 4 Quranic examples, revealing translators' errors in neglecting these principles and highlighting the correct translation.

 

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The purpose of this research was to study and analyze the component of adoption of agricultural organic products from the viewpoints of consumers. A descriptive and correlation design was used for the research with data collected using questionnaire. The statistical population of this study consisted of Karaj urban residents that a sample of 306 people was selected using proportionate stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire was the main tool of study. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by the judgment of a panel of faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension Education, University of Tehran. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach Alpha coefficients were calculated for the main scales of the questionnaire, which was more than 0.70, indicating that the tool of study was reliable. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the consumers’ knowledge of organic products was at medium level. Also, consumers’ attitude toward using organic products was at neutral and favorable levels. Finally, factor analysis showed that four most highly ranked factors influencing the adoption of organic products were educational, access, improving product characteristics and supportive services which explained 26.60, 23.61, 9.41 and 8.81 percent of  total variance (68.42%).

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The window is an external envelope of the building that has more effect on the building energy consumption and human thermal comfort. So, calculating of window heat transfer is an important task. Since, calculating of the window energy transfer is difficult and must be calculated with the computer simulation, simple equations are necessary to estimate the window energy transfer and to compare the different window types. In this study, using computer simulation, a new equation has been presented to calculate double pane glazing window energy transfer. Using this equation, the window parameters can be designed based on the minimum window energy transfer. Also to compare the different window types (with or without overhang) a coefficient as "Efficiency Coefficient" has been defined. The result show that the window energy transfer decreases with the Efficiency Coefficient decreasing. Therefore, this coefficient can be used as a criterion to select the optimum window based on yearly minimum energy consumption.

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The purpose of the present study is to apply the concept of ‘second order schemas’ within the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2018) for analyzing some morphological structures in Persian in order to explain how these structures are formed. Second order schemas, which are defined as sets of two or more paradigmatically related constructional schemas, are employed in the present research as an analytical tool for explaining three morphological patterns that predominantly are related to scientific disciplines, branches and technologies. These patterns include: (1) nouns with the structure [N-ʃenɑs-i] and their corresponding relational adjectives; (2) nouns with the structure [N-negɑr-i] and their corresponding relational adjectives; (3) nouns with the structure [N-kɑv-i] and their corresponding relational adjectives.
In the first derivative structure, a noun is combined with the present stem of ‘ʃenɑs’ (‘know’) and the suffix ‘i’. The output of this schema is a noun denoting a scientific discipline or branch, as represented below:
[[x]_Ni -ʃenɑs]_N –i]_Nj ó [a scientific discipline/branch for studying SEM_i]_j
The above schema has two corresponding relational adjectives, as illustrated below:
Noun                                               Relational adjective 1               Relational adjective 2
zabɑn-ʃenɑs-i (‘linguistics’)            zabɑn-ʃenɑxt-i (‘linguistic’)       zabɑn-ʃenɑs-ɑne (‘linguistic’)
ravɑn-ʃenɑs-i (‘psychology’)          ravɑn-ʃenɑxt-i (‘psychologyical’)           ravɑn-ʃenɑs-ɑne (‘psychologyical’)
These two patterns can be accounted for by the following second order schemas in which
there is a paradigmatic relationship between the verb stems or the affixes in the two constructional schemas.
<[[x]_Ni -ʃenɑs-i]_Nj ó SEM_j> ≈ <[[x]_Ni -ʃenɑxt-i]_Ak ó [Related to/based on SEM_j]_k>
<[[x]_Ni -ʃenɑs-i]_Nj ó SEM_j> ≈ <[[x]_Ni -ʃenɑs-ɑne]_Ak ó [Related to/based on SEM_j]_k>
In the second derivative structure, a noun is combined with the verb stem ‘negɑr’ (‘graph’) and the suffix ‘i’ to form a noun denoting a scientific method or technology.
<[[x]_Ni -negɑr-i]_Nj ó [a scientific method/technology for studying/analyzing SEM_i]_j>
The paradigmatic relationship between this schema and its two adjectival schemas can be expressed by the following second order schemas:
<[[x]_Ni -negɑr-i]_Nj ó SEM_j> ≈ <[[x]_Ni -negɑʃt-i]_Ak ó [Related to/based on SEM_j]_k>
<[[x]_Ni -negɑr-i]_Nj ó SEM_j> ≈ <[[x]_Ni -negɑr-ɑne]_Ak ó [Related to/based on SEM_j]_k>
Here is an example of the above two second order schemas:
Noun                                               Relational adjective 1             Relational adjective 2
qowm-negɑr-i (‘ethnography’)        qowm-negʃt-i (‘ethnographic’)            qowm-negɑr-ɑne (‘ethnographic’)
In the third derivative structure, a noun is combined with the verb stem ‘kɑv’ (‘analyze’) and the suffix ‘i’ to form a noun denoting a scientific discipline, approach or method.
<[[x]_Ni -kɑv-i]_Nj ó [a scientific discipline/approach/method for studying/analyzing SEM_i]_j>
An example of this schema and its two relational adjectives is as follow:
Noun                                                 Relational adjective 1                         Relational adjective 2
ravɑn-kɑv-i (‘psychoanalysis’)         ravɑn-kɑft-i (‘Psychoanalytic’)            ravɑn-kav-ɑne (‘Psychoanalytic’)
The following second order schemas show the morphological patterns of the corresponding relational adjective:
<[[x]_Ni -kɑv-i]_Nj ó SEM_j> ≈ <[[x]_Ni -kɑv-ane]_Ak ó [Related to/based on SEM_j]_j>
<[[x]_N –kɑv-i]_Ni ó SEM_i> ≈ <[[x]_N –kɑft-i]_Aj ó [Related to/based on SEM_i]_j>
The results show that ‘second order schemas’ are useful analytical tools for explaining the way in which the aforementioned structures are formed. These results also suggest that the constructional approach, unlike the derivational approach, can promisingly explain the way in which such problematic structures are formed.
 

 

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The current study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the consumption of fishery products by households in Shiraz. All households of Shiraz city were the research population which 381 of them were randomly selected using simple random sampling method. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a pilot study among 30 households of Neyriz Fars, respectively (Cronbach's alpha coefficients were computed between 0.62 and 0.83). The results of path analysis indicated that the households` income, the education level of the households` head, hygiene issues and awareness of fisheries products` benefits had a direct, positive and significant effect on the amount of fisheries products consumption by households. Also, the households’ income and hygiene issues had an indirect and positive effect on household attitudes toward fisheries products and then on the amount of consumption of these products through the mediator variables of awareness of fisheries products` benefits, sensory indicators and preference to buy from the direct market of fisheries. Moreover, the direct effect of awareness of the fisheries products` benefits, it had also an indirect and positive effect on the amount of fisheries products consumption by households through the mediator variables of market preference and attitudes toward fisheries products consumption. Finally, the study suggested that the media could play an effective role on modifying the households` attitude toward fisheries products consumption by educating different types of fish cooking methods as well as improving their awareness regarding the fisheries products` benefits.

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Abstract- The correct selection of typical meteorological year is an important factor for accurate building energy simulation. In this study, the Sandia method has been applied to analyze the measured weather data of a 14-year period (1992–2005) in Tehran and to select the proper data for the typical meteorological year. Also, typical meteorological year has been generated by using the Meteonorm and Weathergenrator softwares. Then the results of the Sandia method and the two mentioned softwares have been compared with long term average measured data for main parameters in the weather data file. It was found that, the results of the Sandia method has good agreement with the long term average measured data but the created TMY data by the Weathergenrator and Meteonorm softwares have not good agreement with the long term average measured data.

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According to Barro–Ricardo theorem, government budget deficit has not an effect on the consumption. Inspired by the theory of life cycle and permanent income, they believe that, since the government finances the budget deficits through issuing bonds, in future government will offset it by increasing taxes. Therefore, the consumption does not change. In this paper we test this theory and get positive result by estimating the consumption function of Iran. In Iran budget deficit is usually financed by expansion of liquidity through borrowing from central bank or by selling foreign currencies and not by issuing bonds. Therefore the budget deficit in Iran will remain neutral as a result.

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   This study was carried out on the social history of the village in Iran and to identify and categorize the social issues in the villages of Salas area in 1325 AH. Despite the importance of rural society in Iranian history and the eve of the Constitutional Revolution, few studies have focused on issues of the peasant movement and territorial issues, relying on observers, activists, and little reflection on rural issues in the media at the time. While understanding the rural community requires a deep and broad understanding of social relationships based on a comprehensive description of the reality of the community in question at any given time. The present study was based on data from the Legal Documentation Collection (Sentence Implementation Office, 1325 AH) of a sample province (Mahallah Salas and ,Shaghaghi), comprising a homogeneous community of middle villages, Garmrood and Sarab, Miyaneh, what were the challenges and social issues of these rural communities?

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Little effort has been exerted in the domain of the study of the relation between age structure of population with macroeconomic variables and the study of its effects on the economy of Iran. According to Life Cycle Theory, middle-age groups are owners of savings and young and old-age groups are consumers (their consumption is more than their savings). Wicksell’s cumulative Inflation Process Theory, founded on the resolutions of saving and investment, also foresees that the surplus of the demand raised from the difference in interest rate would contribute to the surplus of consumption which would cause, in turn, demand pressure and finally would result to more inflation. The presernt study is a document-experiment research and combining the above mentioned two theories, tries to analyze the effects of the age distribution of the population on inflation in the Iran, using estimation in OLS method. The findings of the research showed that the consuming age groups i.e. the ages between 0 – 14 years, 15 - 19 years, and over 64 years have a meaningful positive effect on the inflation, while saving age groups i.e. ages between 30 - 44 and 45 - 64 years have a meaningful negative effect on the inflation. The population limiting policy which has been exerted since 1989 has also had a meaningful negative effect on the inflation in Iran.

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Mazandarani is one of the Iranian languages which has many speakers in Mazandaran province in north of Iran. In the present research, one of challengeable topic ,namely, light verbs in Mazandarani language is investigated based on cognitive linguistics. Some linguists claimed that light verbs have no any core meanings, but they have metaphorical meanings. The aim of this research was to describe complex verbs in Mazandarani by cognitive approach. The main questions of research are: are there any light verbs in Mazandarani language? Can light verbs in Mazandarani contribute to develop semantic meanings? Do the light verbs produce new meaning when compounding with noun, adjective and adverb? Is compounding of preverb and light verbs a productive process? The hypotheses of research are: There are many light verbs in Mazandarani language. The light verbs in Mazandarani can develop semantic meaning and the semantic space of light verbs indicates that they can produce new meaning. Also,  compounding of preverb and light verb is a productive process. The data of research are collected based on speech of some Mazandarani speakers and Tabari dictionary. Semantic space of complex verb, verb type, proverb and type of the light verb surveyed. Differences in shaping of the complex verb in Mazandarani in contrast with Farsi were compared from different aspects such as: morphology, syntax, lexical and semantic. In addition the features for identification of these verbs are used. As a result we can say that complex verbs in Mazandarani according to the cognitive approach is productive process which applies the physical aspects and social experiences of life and by applying light verbs in combination, the meaning of compound verbs figuratively expands to easily create new concepts and transferring takes place, applying these new verbs cause productivity. The compound verbs compositionally have a compositional meaning. In discussion of semantic space, a certain verb on the base of type of proverb it takes can be situated in a semantic space and creates different semantic space. There are also semantic islands. These islands are branches of light verbs construction that suggest the same concept of the verb on the base of same light verb and special verb are associated.
 
 

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Introduction
Affixation is one of the two main word-formation processes in Persian. The suffix ‘-ɑr’ is a nominal (or adjectival) suffix in Persian which is believed by most researchers to express the subject/agent (like xæridɑr ‘buyer’), object/patient (like gereftɑr ‘captive’) or infinitive (like ræftar ‘behavior’) meaning. In Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 2008, 2009) and Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2016) word-formation patterns are considered to be constructional schemas, i.e. schematic representations of morphological constructions. Constructions are pairings of form and meaning. The form pole of a construction includes morpho−syntactic and phonological properties. The meaning pole of a construction comprises semantic properties (conceptual structure), pragmatic properties and discourse properties. Cognitive Grammar posits that an expression invokes a set of cognitive domains as the basis for its meaning, i.e. as the content to be construed. Therefore, the meaning of a linguistic expression depends on two key notions of ‘cognitive domain’ and ‘construal’. A cognitive domain is a coherent area of conceptualization which provides the conceptual base for the meaning of a linguistic expression. The term construal refers to human manifest ability to conceive and express the same situation or event in alternate ways.
 
Purpose: The present research aims to explore the suffix ‘-ɑr’ within the framework of Cognitive Grammar and Construction Morphology and tries to identify its various constructional schemas and subschemas. Furthermore, it attempts to investigate cognitive domains that underlie the meaning of each subschemas and to analyze the role of construal in formation of each subschemas.
 
Study questions: the study questions are: (1) what are constructional schemas and subschemas of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ and how is hierarchical relationships among them?
(2) What cognitive domain(s) underlie the meaning of each subschema?
(3) Which cognitive processes do play determinant role in formation of these (sub) schemas?
 
Methodology: Empirically, the paper adopts corpus-based method and theoretically, it adopts cognitive and construction-based approach. The data include a corpus of 38 derivational words having the suffix ‘-ɑr’ extracted from the authors own morphological corpus (including more than 10000 complex words) and Farhang-e Zansoo (Keshani, 1993).
 
Analysis: Analysis of research data showed that derivatives of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ belong to different constructional schemas. The schematic-constructional network of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ is represented in Figure 1. As is shown in the figure, ‘-ɑr’ appears in six different subschemas, in five of which the base of derivation is past stem of a verb while in the other the base is a noun. The conceptual base of the five subschemas that have a verb stem as their base is the cognitive domain of ‘processes. The difference among these subschemas is that each subschema profiles a different aspect of the conceptual base. In other words, the difference among them is due to the key notion of ‘profiling’. In the subschema with a noun as the base of derivation, the conceptual base is the cognitive domain of ‘relation’.

Figure 1: The schematic-constructional network of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ in Persian
 
Conclusion: Results of the study show that the suffix ‘-ɑr’, which is added to past stems of verbs or nouns, can appear in six different constructional subschemas to indicate the cognitive domains of process, agenthood, aspect and relation. These subschemas are:
1) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The human agent who perform the process of SEM_i]_j>
2) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The non-human agent (or instrument) which perform the process of SEM_i]_j>
3) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The act of doing the process of SEM_i]_j>
4) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The result of the process of SEM_i]_j>
5) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Aj ↔ [The property of being affected by the process of SEM_i]_j>
6) <[[x]_Ni -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The thing closely related to SEM_i]_j>
 
The findings reveal that the cognitive process of ‘construal’ and especially its two aspects of ‘profiling’ and ‘specification’ have a determinant role in the formation of these constructional subschemas.

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Enteric viruses are among those pathogens which are responsible for a significant portion of food-borne diseases. Unfortunately, robust, quantitative methods for sampling and analysis of viruses in foods are not well-established. As a result, epidemiologically determined etiologies or pathogen sources in food-borne outbreaks are rarely confirmed by routine virological analysis. In this study, MS2 coliphage was used as a model for enteric viruses. In addition, elution method of virus from the surface of vegetables by different buffers was investigated. Among ten buffers used  for elution of the coliphage,  four buffers (0.05 M glycin and 150mM NaCl, pH 9.5; 0.05 M glycin and 1%(w/v)beef extract, 3%(w/v)beef extract in pH 9.5 or 7.5) showed the highest coliphage recovery (82%, 88%, 92% and 82%  respectively). Furthermore, the coliphage concentration index using polyethylene glycol [10%(w/v)] and NaCl (0.3M) was also evaluated. Up to 80% of the inculated of coliphages were recovered and confirmed that type of buffer had no effect on the concentration index. According to our results, incubation time in solution of polyethylene glycol was an important factor in concentration index. The highest index of concentration was detected in overnight incubation at 4°C.  

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Since the process of traditional ice cream production enhances the chance of its microbial contamination, leading to a higher risk of foodborne disease in human, this study designed to determine the microbial contamination of traditional ice cream products sold in Tehran from March 2008 to March 2011.In this cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study, the ice cream samples were collected randomly from different vendors in Tehran and transported to the laboratory of Food and Drug Deputy of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The samples were examined for their total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriacea, Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold. The laboratory examinations were conducted using the specific national standards for any organism. The descriptive data were obtained and the chi-square test, at significance level of p<0.05, was used to compare the level of contamination between different time periods. Ninety four percent of the samples did not meet the national microbiological standards for ice creams. Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, rate of Enterobacteriaceae and mold were higher than the safety limits according to Iranian national standards in 88.1%, 100% and 73% of the samples, respectively. Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 23.6% and 4% of the samples, respectively. There was a significant difference between Staphylococcus aureus contamination of the ice creams in the Spring-Summer periods of 2008 to 2011. No other significant difference was shown between different time periods in this study. This study did not show any improvement in the microbial contamination of the ice creams during the study period.The high microbial load of the traditional ice creams confirms unhygienic conditions on their process of production and sale. Implementation of hygienic practices and regular control on these processes is recommended to minimize the risk of contamination.