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In SCPC-DAMA satellite networks, the baseband RRC pulse shaping is utilized to reduce the bandwidth and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). But the variation in carrier's envelope, which expands the spectrum and ultimately increases the bandwidth, causes ISI and Quadrature Channel Crosstalk (QCC). The goal of this paper is to introduce a method to shape baseband RRC pulses, in order to make a nearly constant carrier envelope. We have introduced and implemented an algorithm to limit the amplitude variation of each pulse to generate constant amplitude RRC pulses at the input of modulator. Matlab simulation and hardware experiments show that OQPSK modulation and this pulse shaping method, can improve BER about 2dB.

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In this research , the effect of Iran’s government’s expenditures on private sector’s investment during the period between 1971 to 2005 has been investigated . The results of the Cointegration vectors derived from the johansen method indicates that government investment expenditures have complimentary effects on the private investment expenditures while the government consumption expenditures have competing effects

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Defense industry plays an important and strategic function in economy. Defense industry effects economy mainly through security and weapon exports. There has been a growing literature examining military expenditures in developing countries. Theoretically, there is no definite prediction of the direction of causation between economic growth and military spending. The majority of these studies have focused on whether or not defense spending has had a positive, a negative, or no impact whatsoever on economic growth in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of defense spending on economic growth and private consumption in Iran using time series data for the period 1974 to 2005. A four-sector model based on the Feder approach is employed to detect any likely relationship between those variables. The model comprises consumption sector, defense sector, non-defense government sector, and exports sector. The findings show that there is statistically significant and positive relation between defense spending and economic growth in Iran, while the effects of defense spending on private consumption is negative.

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The aim of this study is to describe the inflectional structure of Persian verbs based on the theory of Words and Paradigm. We aim to clarify the nature of paradigm or verb inflectional patterns in Persian and the way the multiple roles of inflectional patterns such as person and number can be separated and transparently expressed. Therefore, we extracted sentences from Persian grammar books   and analyzed the structure of their verbs. These structures include Person and Number, Participle, Voice, Infinitive and Mood. Results showed that one-to-many or many-to-one correspondence of the inflectional properties of Persian verb can be described using Word and Paradigm model. This model is different from Item and arrangement or Item and Process models, due to the fact that words are considered as a totality for analysis .In the frame of the two mentioned models, words are divided into a sequence of discrete units. In addition, it became clear that the inflectional structures of the verb in Persian are of a morpho-syntactic nature and considering a layered structure for the verb helps to separate the multiple functions of the inflectional structure of Persian verb. Therefore it is possible to describe the characteristics of Persian Verb in the frame of Word and Paradigm model.
 
 

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Budget deficit and ways of its financing,have different economic implications.The private consumption as one of the major components of the aggregate demand alongside with the private investment are also under the effects of the deficit.The total effects of the deficit can be separated into the primary and secondary effects.The primary effects of the defict is attributed to the causes of the deficit,while the secondary effects is related to the ways of deficit financing.The final effect is the sum of these two effects,which might be positive,negative or zero.The results of the study by the ARDL approach for the time period of 1342-1384 indicates that although the effect of the deficit on private consumption is positive but there is no longrun relationship between them.On the other hand effects of the deficit on private investment is negative.These results also show that the effects of the deficit on investment may last or endure for a long time and therefore it can be said that there is a longrun relationship between deficit and private investment.

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In Persian, two processes of derivation and compounding are used in a generative way to form new words. Thus, in this paper, in addition to analyzing complex words in Persian in construction morphology and lexical morphology /phonology, it is also tried to answer this question that which model is more effective in the analysis of complex Persian words? According to this question, the following hypothesis is proposed: ‘since construction morphology takes advantage of abstract morphological schemas, it would be more effective to construct hierarchical complex words and to present a semantic analysis of this model in the analysis of complex Persian words.’ Two main processes of compounding and derivation in construction morphology and lexical morphology /phonology were examined with regard to Persian data, comparing them with each other and studying irregular cases in lexical morphology/phonology. The results showed that the above-mentioned models both have a word-based approach to morphology. However, construction morphology, taking advantage of construction concept as the pairing of form and meaning in the analysis of morphological phenomena, proposing abstract schema for word formation patterns, hierarchical formation of complex words and the possibility of justifying their meanings especially endocentric compounds, is more effective than lexical morphology in the analysis of complex words based on Persian data and therefore the hypothesis of the study is accepted.
 




 

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According to importance of purchasing decision style, current research have tried to be identified and prioritized styles of purchase decision making on the basis of  Sproles and Kendall’s model. So this is an applied research which was developed to investigate to demonstrate consumer purchase style among different ages of consumer in Tehran. The statistical population of this study is composed of consumers of different age groups who buy from well-known food stores in Tehran. Based on the Cochran formula 2100 individuals have been considered as the statistical sample. For data collection the standard questionnaires were applied. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were tested and the required changed were applied. As the result show via  ANOVA indicated that there are significant differences between six buying styles of eight styles and there is not a significant difference between two styles .The results of data analysis by using Topsis technic for prioritizing styles of purchase decision making of Iranian consumers of different age groups indicated that buying styles of being perfectionistic and high quality conscious were the top priority of teenagers, youth, middle- aged and adults, and styles of being aware of prices and value of exchanged good were the top priority of elders.

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This paper examines urban residential water demand for the city of Zahedan in Iran using the data over the period 1999 – 2006. The continuously intensifying scarcity of water resources is a crucial problem in almost all contemporary societies. Even in areas where there are adequate quantities of water. The problem of scarcity is usually confronted through the deterioration of water quality resulting in increasing costs for certain water uses. In the framework of water demand, it is vital to analyze and understand the characteristics of water demand. There are several important questions that need to answer. They are as follows: How the demand is formulated? Which factors determine the demand? How the demand responds to the changes in income and the cost of water? Stone-Gray approach is used to model and answer the above questions. The results show that the main determinants of residential water demand comprise water price, income, and temperature. The price elasticity of demand equals –0.06 while the income elasticity equals 0.062. Finally, the findings confirm that the minimum water requirements are 95 liters per person per day.

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Semnani is one of the genuine Iranian dialects which has many different features of ancient Iranian languages. The morphological system of Semnani language plays an important role in encoding and the representation of meaning. Light verbs of Semnani have various derivational prefixes. Each of these derivational prefixes has an important role in representation of meaning. The main questions of this research are: What are the functions of derivational prefixes in representing Semantic space of light verb constructions in Semnani language? Can derivational prefixes differentiate meaning in inner level of each light verb? What is the relationship between derivational prefixes and semantic islands of light verbs? The compound verbs in Semnani language have been made of two morphological mechanism, combination and incorporation. According to the semantic space of construction grammar, as a theoretical foundation of this research, and the study of semantic space in this theory, the researchers have investigated the textual corpuses which includes some books in Semnani language, the spoken text of 50 Semnani speakers and a glossary of Semnani dialect(Javaheri and PajumSharia’ti, 1387). They found that Semnani consists of 335 light verbs. It also shows that token frequency of light verbs Kerd-iyún, Hā-kerd-iyún, Vā-kerd-iyún, Bū-kkūwāt-iyún and B(e)-et-iyún in order are 989, 433, 139, 312 and 229 items. So, the most productive light verb is Kerd-iyún. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and corpus-based that consists of the glossary of Semnani dialect (Javaheri and PajumSharia’ti, 1387), the book Semani Vaja, authored by Khalesi (1388), Peke Poor written by Andalib Semnani(1388), Learning Semnani Dialect authored by Pajum Sharia’ti and Khalesi (1392) and the spoken texts of 50 Semnani speakers. Compound verbs that included Kerd-iyún, Bū-kkūwāt-iyún and B(e)-et-iyún have been extracted. No verbal items in compound verbs play a vital role in the formation of semantic space of light verbs. The result shows that compound verbs in Semnani language have special structures which consist of a non-verbal part and a light verb. Each light verb in this language has a derivational prefix. Every formal change in the structure would cause a change in the meaning. So, in Semnani language a change in derivational prefix of compound verbs would be followed by a change in the meaning of light verbs. As a result a derivational prefix in a light verb is a variant and the formation of a semantic island is in the hand of this prefix. The result also shows that derivational prefixes in Semnani light verbs indicate the semantic difference in each of light verbs and there is a direct relation between the semantic island of light verbs and derivational prefixes. In other words, each of derivational prefixes of light verbs indicates a special semantic island in the semantic space of each of light verbs. Indeed, there is a direct relation between the morphology and semantics in Semnani language. The main purpose of present research is to investigate the functions of derivational prefixes of light verbs such as Kerdiyn, Betiyn and Bukkuwatiyun in Semnani language.

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Reduplication is a morphological process that is one of the most debatable linguistic issues being studied by various languages and many theories in different ways. Reduplication structurally divided into two parts: total reduplication and partial reduplication. In total reduplication a construction (a word or syntactic phrase) is repeated, but in partial reduplication some part of  base is repeated (Shaghaghi, 2000:525,528).The current study tries to deal with total reduplication in Persian language based on Heidarpour’s classifying (2011) which included three categories: total improper reduplication, total proper reduplication and total echoic reduplication in terms of morphological reduplication theory. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical. The aim of this study is to determine whether the morphological reduplication is more useful and efficient or phonological copying and to explore how extent total reduplication is explainable based on patterns of morphological reduplication theory. With respect to the previous studies, it is assumed that total reduplication is analyzable based on morphological reduplication theory. There are two approaches in reduplication process: phonological copying and morphological reduplication. The first was defined by Marantz (1982) that essentially is a phonological process, the second is defined by Inkelas and zoll (2005), the morphological approach, based on the theory semantic identity is more important than phonological similarity. Inkelas and zoll’s morphological reduplication model included “the collection of input semantic features and a kind of semantic adjunct” (p.6-7). By emphasizing semantic identity, they predict existence of empty morph (semantically), melodic overwriting and tier replacement that have semantic identity (p.36-46).
Total reduplication divided into: improper, proper, and echoic. In total improper reduplication, there is phonological identity relation among reduplicating factors and belonging to different categories. In total proper reduplication, besides two reduplicated bases, there is a grammatical morph between two sisters’ factors that placed between two bases or after the second base. With regard to the placement of grammatical morph, this process is divided into two parts: medial and ending. Each of them has different kinds and various structures. In total echoic reduplication, the reduplicated part has the same rhythm as base’s, but is meaningless. In this pattern, changing happening initial consonant or vowels of base is doubling in reduplicated part. (Heidarpour, 2011:145)
The results suggest that kinds of total reduplication are describable in terms of morphological reduplication theory, whereas partial reduplication with suffix and prefix is analytical by phonological copying; therefor, morphological reduplication theory is more efficient than phonological copying theory. Findings of the study help us find out a universal view about reduplication process to classify world languages by linguistic typology.

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  With ever increasing competition, enterprises as well as researchers are focusing on consumer and its priorities and thus everyday, new aspects of determinants of consumer choice become clear. One of such determinants is brand perception. Perception of consumer about technology of production -which is derived from brand and packaging-, can play a great role in the consumer choice when differentiation is little. Such role is investigated in this research work. We have studied a group of food products with very low level of differentiation and correlation between demand and technology perception is elaborated. Field study has been performed in Shahrvand department stores. Results show that in simpler, more commodity type products, technology perception has a greater role in finalizing customer choice. So making a more positive perception of technology can be considered as a rather inexpensive way for gaining competitive advantage. Additionally, based on interviews, it can be claimed that technology perception consists of sub-elements such as environment friendliness perception, healthiness perception, quality perception, etc. 

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In this paper a macroeconomic approach is derived to develop a long run electricity demand model to analyze the main factors affecting electricity demand in the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to the definition of a demand function, electricity demand, in general, is determined by some main factors including gross domestic product (GDP), prices, etc. This paper, by analyzing the specific political and economical conditions in the Iran, introduces electricity intensity and a dummy variable WAR into the electricity demand forecasting model. A binary dummy variable, WAR is applied to correct the model (between the years 1980-1988 during the Iran and Iraq war). In this study, two popular econometric techniques namely unit root test and cointegration model is derived for modeling the electricity demand. Cointegration is established between kWh and, respectively, GDP, electricity price, electricity intensity, and WAR as a dummy variable. The results show that although GDP is still the most important factor for electricity demand, electricity demand is negatively related to efficiency improvement and tariffs in Iran.

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In cold season, draught or undesired local cooling sensation in ankle and neck region is one of the most frequent cases of complaint of the occupants. A person who are subjected to draughts in winter, tend to elevate the room temperature to counteract the cooling sensation, thereby increasing the energy consumption. In naturally ventilated buildings, draught is due to windows and other cold surfaces in the room. Draught is dependent on the air speed and on the magnitude of turbulence intensity. Serious draught complaints can often occur at mean speeds lower than those recommended by standards when turbulence intensity is high. So investigation of undesired local cooling in floor heating systems is very important, although in these systems the mean air speed is not significant. In this paper, the effects of size of window on draught are investigated in floor heating systems. Results demonstrated that, undesired thermal discomfort caused by local cooling phenomenon in floor heating systems is negligible. At the end, the probability of occurrence of local cooling phenomenon in floor heating systems is compared to vertical heating panels. Thereby the floor heating systems are more effective than the vertical heating panels in aspect of thermal comfort and energy consumption.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of increasing electricity price on compensated variation (CV) and deadweight loss (DWL) of different income groups in Iran over the 1967-2004 period. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is employed and five electricity demand functions are estimated for different income groups and based the estimates, CV and DWL are calculated. The effects of electricity price increase on CV and DWL are examined and the following results are obtained: • Comparing CV in different income groups shows that CV increases from the poor to the rich. • Comparing DWL in different income groups shows that DWL increases from the poor to the rich. • By increasing electricity price and using direct subsidy, the welfare of low and middle income groups increase while the welfare of high income groups decrease.

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1- INTRODUCTION
Distributed Morphology (DM) introduced in Halle and Marantz (1993, 1994) in the early 1990s is a grammatical model that has emerged within the framework of Principles and Parameters. DM which represents a set of hypotheses about the interaction among components of grammar, including Morphology, syntax and phonology claims that the complex structure of a word is created in the same way as is the complex structure of a phrase or sentence. It is important to say that Distributed Morphology is a framework within the Minimalist Program (MP) which rejects the Lexicalist hypothesis and the notion of a generative lexicon (Siddiqi 2009). In this linguistic model, there is only one generative component of the grammar (the syntax) whereas in Lexicalist Minimalism, there are two (the syntax and the lexicon). The four fundamental differences between DM and Lexicalist Minimalism to be mentioned here are categorization, late-insertion, morphosyntactic decomposition, and underspecification. These key notions are very important for my revision in the Persian past tense inflection.
2- Key Concepts: Root and Root Allomorphy
As I told above, there are four characteristics that distinguished DM from MP. But before going through them, I should briefly discuss what is meant by Root and Root Allomorphy in DM. These two concepts are continuously referred through this article. In addition to functional morphemes, the grammar contains morphemes that are called Roots. By definition, Roots are the members of the open-class vocabulary of a language. This part of the vocabulary is typically thought of as connecting with concepts: a system of mental representations of classes, which exists outside of the grammar (Embick 2015 for an overview). The representation and use of Roots is a complex issue, because of their dual nature as grammatical objects that have important connections with (presumably) extragrammtical cognitive systems. A hypothesis that has been adopted in much work is that Roots can be represented by different allomorphs at the PF. Within this framework I will show that a Root like √bin (see) has two different allomorphs in Persian, one of them is bin and the other one is di. This article proposes an analysis of root allomorphy (e.g., ketāb “book”/ kotob “books”) within the framework of DM that showcases the economy constraint minimize exponence. It also accomplishes two other things: First, following Siddiqi (2009), it proposes some of the revisions to the framework of DM in related to the root allomorphy and readjustment rules. Second, it provides an analysis of verbal allomorphy in Persian (e.g., bin/ di). It should be emphasized that when roots appear in the derivation, they do not have grammatical category. This is the first difference between DM and MP which is discussed in the next part.
3- Theoretical Framwork
The theoretical framwork of DM is based on the following characteristics.
3-1- Categorization
An important property of Roots is that they have no grammatical category inherently. This assumption derives from earlier work on derivational morphology. According to the category-free theory of Roots, traditional lexical categories like ‘noun’ or ‘verb’ or ‘adjective’ are convenient shorthand labels that refer to syntactic structures in which a Root combines with a category-defining functional head such as little n or v or a. This is what happens for that a root like √bin (see). During the derivation, it may merge with a little noun head to generate the noun bineš (vision), or it can absorb a little adjective head for producing binande (viewer) and so on.
3-2- Late insertion
Terminologically, theories that allow for morphemes to receive phonological form after they are combined in the syntactic component are said to have late insertion process. In DM, unlike in GB and its Lexicalist derivatives, rather than manipulating fully formed words, the syntax only manipulates abstract formal features to generate syntactic structures. These morphosyntactic features (such as [plural] and [past]) are selected from a fixed list of abstract features (or feature bundles) rather than being selected from the output of a generative lexicon. The late insertion hypothesis (Halle & Marantz 1994) holds that the phonology which represents the morphological features manipulated by the syntax is provided at PF rather than being present throughout the derivation. At spellout, syntactic terminals in DM are entirely comprised of interpretable features (including roots). Only once all syntactic processes are finished with the structure is phonological content added. This phonology is provided by a component of the grammar called the Vocabulary. The Vocabulary is a static list of items whose function in the grammar is to provide phonology to realize the interpretable features contained in the terminal nodes of a derivation so that that derivation can be pronounced. Individual items within this list are called Vocabulary Items (or VIs for short).
3-3- Morphosyntactic decomposition
One of the strengths of the Distributed Morphology framework is the parallel between syntactic structure and morphological structure. Since the grammar of DM manipulates only syntactic features, the complex structure of a word is created in the same way as is the complex structure of a sentence. Spelling out a complex constituent of the syntax as a “phrase” or a “word” depends on the nature of VIs in the structure. In this model not only the verb mi-binam (I see) is produced in syntax, but also the noun bineš (vision) is derived in the same component.
3-4- Underspecification
Distributed Morphology uses underspecification in the insertion of Vocabulary Items into a terminal node of the syntax. The insertion of a VI is governed by the subset principle which allows for a VI with certain specifications to be inserted into any node that satisfies those specifications, regardless of whether or not it exceeds those specifications. This characteristic of DM is very important for my proposal regarding to past inflection in Persian.
4- Results & Discussion
Based on the above theoretical framework, I try to investigate the properties of the functional heads such as T and Agr to which verbal elements adjoin and show how past tense suffixes and phi-features are absorbed by the verbs. To account for this, first I briefly review the literature on the Modern Persian tense affixes and root allomorphy, before providing a survey of DM, specifically focusing on how it is different from Lexicalist Minimalism. In line with what holds for verb movement in simplex ‎and complex predicates, I will discuss in detail that lexical and grammatical verbs within the little vP move to T via a post-syntactic operation, i.e. morphological merger, to pick up inflectional morphology. Contrary to the claim in the literature, I finally suggest that the automatic phonological alternation “-d/ -t” is the only past tense affix in Persian (this explanation is also true for the past participle and infinitive affixes). According to this analysis, there are no present or past stems in Persian, but a Root like “√bin” (see) has two allomorphs “bin” and “di” while condition under which they occur is predictable and can be described in purely phonological (not morphological) terms: the latter must always be inserted immediately before a morpheme with an initial /d/, and the former obeys elsewhere condition. This conclusion is based on the underspecification and subset principle introduced above.
5- Conclusions
The present study shows that:
1. The automatic phonological alternation “-d/ -t” is the only past tense affix in Persian.
2. The automatic phonological alternation “-de/ -te” is the only past participle affix in Persian.
3. The automatic phonological alternation “-dan/ -tan” is the only infinitive affix in Persian.
4. A Root like “√bin” (see) has two allomorphs in Persian:
       4-1- Di: appears before an affix with an initial /d/, such as: didār, dide, didan, didam.
       4-2- Bin: appears elsewhere, such as: bineš, binande, binā, mi-binam.
 

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 “Verbal versus adjectival” dichotomy of passive structures has occurred in studies based on approaches believing two generative component in the grammar, i.e. syntax and lexicon. Distributed morphology (DM) (Halle & Marantz, 1993), a non-lexicalist approach to morphology, takes the theoretical position that there is only one generative component in the Grammar, the syntax, and claims that all derivation of complex objects is syntactic. This descriptive-analytic article is aimed to study the so-called passive structures and the participles used in them, in Persian within the framework of DM, from the perspective of syntax-semantics interface, focusing on Embick (2004). The article tries to answer the following two questions:
 a. How can we, based on DM, give a unified analysis of passive     structures in Persian and so end the arguments among linguists regarding the existence of passive in Persian.
 b. What syntactic features within DM, are responsible for some Persian participles having different interpretations (eventive and resultative).
Regarding the first question, it is predicted that, since Persian verbal and adjectival passives are all complex objects, their derivations, based on the present approach occur in syntax. Regarding the second question, it is hypothesized that, since some Persian participles such as godɑxte, bæste and ɑrɑste, in “participle + ʃodæn” structures in passive structures, have different interpretations, there is another kind of participle (resultative) in Persian.
After analyzing the data, it is argued that since Persian verbal and adjectival passives are all complex objects, their derivation, based on the present approach and contrary to previous studies, occur in syntax and their distinction is attributed to the position at which aspect head is merged (above or under v). In other words in verbal (eventive) passives the aspect head is merged above “v head”, while in simple adjectival passives it is merged under “v head”.
Also based on linguistic and interpretive evidences, findings showed that some participles (godɑxte, bæste and ɑrɑste) in “participle + ʃodæn” structures are interpreted as both event and resultative. So another kind of participle (resultative), in Persian will be introduced and its unique syntactic features in DM framework will be specified. The significant syntactic difference between the eventive and resultative passives is first attributed to the feature [AG] which is present in eventive passive and missing in resultative ones, and second to the different uses of “ʃodæn” : as auxiliary in verbal passives and copula or BECOME-operator (Embick, 2004) in resultative passives.
 
Keywords: Distributed morphology; Underspecification; Lexicalist participle. 
 

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The realization of the argument structure of nouns corresponding with ditransitive verbs is a complicated subject since those nouns involve categorical, morphological, syntactic and semantic features of both nouns and verbs. The aim of this article is to survey the argument structure including categorization, syntactic structure and phonetic and semantic realization of main ditransitive verbs and their corresponding nouns in Hawrami Kurdish-a north western Iranian language. Dividing and describing the nouns into possessive and agentive nominals, this article analyzes and contrasts them with corresponding verbs under the framework of MP/DM. The results show that syntactic structure of main verbs and their corresponding nouns involve verbal category (VP) to introduce theme and low ApplP to introduce benefective goal or location. The subject of the sentence merges as the possessor in EzafP_poss of possessive nouns and as the same agent in VoiceP of agentive nouns. The heads of the TP and CP select vP in statements; hence, the heads of PEP and DP choose nP in nominals. The root in possessive and the whole VP features in agentive nominal move to np and PEP to value their nominal and Ezafe features. Agentive nouns have more nominal properties and take plural, (in) definiteness, possessive and adjectival markers and also do not take manner adverbs. Therefore, argument structure analysis of nouns corresponding with ditransitive verbs using the MP/DM approach shows that syntactic structure is the driving engine for the categorization, syntactic structure and phonetic and semantic realization of possession and location transfer of ditransitive verbs and their corresponding nouns in Hawrami.
 

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Understanding the different aspects of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth can outstandingly help to adopt appropriate policies in energy sector. Structural breaks and regime shifts may affect the above relationship. Therefore, it is important to consider structural breaks and regime shifts in empirical analysis. In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in the presence of structural breaks. The empirical models are specified and estimated using Iran's time series data during 1967- 2005 period. To this end, unit root tests proposed by Zivot and Andrews (1992) are first used to identify structural breaks found endogenously and then the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test, which allows strctural breaks in time series, is employed to estimate the long-run relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The results show that in the long run, there is a positive and significant relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Iran.