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In order to optimize the utilization of the advantages of packaging in the food industry, it is necessary to identify the most effective components and criteria in the packaging of food products field and to prioritize these products based on the opinions of consumers, so that the results can be considered in the planning and marketing activities of organizations. Regarding such importance, the aim is that this research evaluates the impact of those identified attitudes which shape an attitude on Packaging on customer Satisfaction and Involvement. Based on data collection, the present study is considered as descriptive. Before collecting the data through questionnaire, and so as to check the validity and reliability of the study, a pre-test was taken. Moreover, to assess the validity of the study, the diagnostic validity (DV) using an average variance extracted (AVE) was first calculated and the composite reliability (CR) was then applied to determine the reliability. Therefore, first the researchers reviewed the research literature, then, statistical sample of the population who were the customers of Shadlee in Tehran, were selected and the research hypotheses were tested using structural equations and regressions. Research findings show the significant impact of such Dimensions as “color”, “Attraction”, “Shape”, “Information on the Package”, “Size”, “Type of material” and  “Health issues”, on “attitude toward Packaging” and the significant impact of “attitude toward Packaging” on “Customer Satisfaction” and “Involvement”.

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This paper examines the short run, long run and causal relationship among economic growth, carbon emissions, energy consumption and employment ratio in Iran over the period 1977–2010. Using autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach of cointegration; the results support a long-run relationship among the variables. Also, the estimated income elasticity of carbon emissions per capita in short- and long- run are 0.03 and 0.07, respectively; and the income elasticity of employment ratio in short run and long run are 0.85 and 3.25, respectively. Regarding the causality test, our findings indicate that, there is a unidirectional causality from GDP per capita to both energy consumption and carbon emissions per capita; also, employment ratio causes economic growth in both short run and long run. The overall results show that energy conservation policies, such as rationing energy consumption and controlling carbon dioxide emissions, have not likely adverse impacts on economic growth in Iran. In addition, the paper shows that establishment of labor-intensive industries is of considerable positive impact on the long run economic growth in Iran.

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Aims: Utilizing passive architectural elements to conserve energy and optimize natural lighting is a common solution in traditional Iranian architecture. Various factors such as building shape and orientation, window positioning, use of local materials, and shading devices are recognized as traditional architectural elements in warm and humid climates. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the efficiency and optimize architectural elements in the warm and humid climate of Bushehr city, focusing on energy consumption control and utilization of natural light.

Methods: Firstly, through documentary resources, the residential architectural patterns of Bushehr were identified. Then, using the Rhinoceros software environment and Grasshopper plugin, selected variables were parametrically modeled, and quantitative data analysis was conducted using energy tools and radiation analysis. Finally, optimal patterns were selected using a genetic algorithm, and the final response was presented with an annual performance analysis.

Findings: By optimizing passive strategies, UDI could be increased up to 96%, and energy consumption could be reduced up to 174.1 kWh/m². In hot and humid climates, paying attention to the minimum absorption of sunlight is essential, in addition to the importance of using natural ventilation.

Conclusion: Using passive architectural elements such as the use of Shenashir, the proportions of the room and the window-to-wall ratio increases the performance of the building. The conclusion emphasizes the pivotal role of the contemporization of traditional houses in resolving contemporary architectural challenges, especially high energy consumption and environmental regulation.

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The current Iran's commercial code has been derived from France's commercial code enacted in 1807. Iran’s commercial cod in the realm of bankruptcy regulations had no amendments since 1930, while the French one was abrogated totally and changed. Due to the increasing promotion of trade activities, we see that so many new legal institutes were created in the developed countries. For instance, we can refer to the institute of reorganization in the scope of bankruptcy. This institute, which needs to a plan of reorganization, organizes the relationship between creditors and debtors. The institute to create reorganization needs to acceptance of the majority of creditors and approval of the court. When the court approves the plan, the debtor as a “possessor debtor” continues his trade activities and has control on his assets and properties. Indeed, the institute of reorganization is a bilateral legal relationship. Hence, its nature is compatible with the notion of contract. Thus we can describe it as an enforceable, promissory, nominate, independent and gratuitous contract. There are differences between this institute and leniency contract. For example, in the latter, the court intervene, only in the stage of making and approval of the contract, while in the former, the court intervenes in these two stages and the stage of administration on the institutes. So the creditors have a better means to control the debtors in all stages and prevent them from misuse in the process of reorganization. In this article, we try to analyze the institute of reorganization with a comparative view with leniency contract in American and Iranian legal systems.

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Evaluation of Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC) are necessary in pavement management. Vehicle Operating Costs including Fuel consumption costs, accident costs, oil consumption costs, maintenance costs and vehicle depreciation that often paid by road users. Vehicle Fuel consumption costs, is one of the important components of the life cycle costs analysis that it is typically between 20 to 40 percent of the total vehicle operating costs. There are many factors that effect on vehicles fuel consumption. Vehicle type, pavement surface condition, road geometry, vehicle speed and,…effect on vehicle fuel consumption and pavement life cycle costs. Pavement surface condition is one of the factors that effected on vehicle fuel consumption. Pavement roughness, skid resistance and the pavement deterioration are the components of the pavement surface condition. Using of pavement maintenance alternatives at the appropriate time, in addition to improve the pavement surface condition, reduce the vehicle operating costs and vehicle fuel consumptions. The goal of this research is to evaluate the effect of pavement maintenance in a 10 years analysis period on vehicle fuel consumption costs using HDM-4 software. HDM-4 is an application software for pavement management and evaluation of pavement surface condition that has been developed by the world bank. This software needed a serious of input data to analysis. This input data are divided in to four parts, including road networks, vehicle fleets, road works (repair and rehabilitation standards), and HDM-4 Configuring (define standards criteria for each of the variables in the program). For this purpose, effect of pavement maintanence and rehabilitation evaluated in 1170 km of Khozestan province road networks. This rehabilitation alternatives including routine maintenance, single surface dressing, 50 mm overlay, 100 mm overlay and, pavement reconstruction. In this research each rehabilitation approaches was used Separately as a pavement maintenance alternative. In rehabilitation approaches it was supposed that after performed pavement rehabilitation IRI reached to 1.5 m/km. According to HDM-4 ranking this IRI is good. Results of this research showed that, pavement surface conditions effect on vehicle fuel consumption. In other words, improving pavement surface condition cause to reduced vehicle fuel consumption. With applying routine maintenance (crack sealing and patching) there was no change on reducing the vehicle fuel consumption. But, with applying single surface dressing vehicle fuel consumption was reduced during the pavement analysis period. The reduction in vehicle fuel consumption after applying pavement rehabilitation is varies for different type of vehicles. Although the costs of rehabilitation alternatives are more than the cost of routine maintenance, but the economic savings in reduction of vehicle fuel consumption costs are more than the costs of the pavement rehabilitation alternatives in the long terms analysis. According to the result, economic saving from the single surface dressing alternative is more than the other pavement maintenance and rehabilitations alternatives. It was concluded that using rehabilitation in the appropriate time could cause reduction in fuel consumption and resulted in cost saving.

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Nowadays, the baseboard heating systems have attracted the attention of many HVAC engineers because of its uniform temperature distribution and low feed water temperature. Despite this, the uniformity of indoor thermal conditions can be disturbed by some parameters such as exterior walls and air infiltration from window gaps. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the effects of air infiltration from window gaps on the performance of baseboard system and occupants’ thermal conditions. For this reason, a room has been considered under the terms of “ASHRAE-140 standard/Case 600” and climatic conditions of Tehran with winter outdoor design temperature of -10C. Also, the heat power on the baseboard panel has been set as much as the average of occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction index stays within the allowable range (lower than 10%). The results show that the heating baseboard system can provide the appropriate thermal conditions for sitting occupants with average panel temperature of 43C. In spite of this, the distribution of occupants’ dissatisfaction index near the floor is not uniform. The results indicate that the air infiltration can cause to increase the thermal dissatisfaction index up to 40% in the floor region.

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In this study, the effect of inlet supply temperature on energy consumption optimization, thermal comfort and mean local air age has been investigated for a displacement ventilation inside a typical room. Based on the results obtained from this study, an increase in the inlet supply temperature for a displacement ventilation from 17.8 to 25.8 in summer leads to a 50% reduction of consumed energy. Owing to the fact that optimization of consumed energy is an action bound to maintain thermal comfort of occupants, PMV(predicted mean vote) and PPD(predicted percentage of dissatisfied) parameters as two general thermal comfort indices have been investigated. In addition temperature gradient in vertical direction as local thermal discomfort index and mean local air age as air quality index have been probed. All the aforementioned indices except that of mean local air age, lie within the sightly range of ISO7730 standard with an increase in temperature, but air quality index experiences some quality drop in inhalation region, This slight drop is negligible and displacement ventilation system can be used as a suitable ventilation system for summer applications.

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In this paper, in order to avoid the problems induced by cutting liquids like higher cost, environmental pollution and dangerous for operator health in milling process and also using the benefits of them such as increasing tool life and machined surface quality, machining by minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) or near dry lubrication was introduced and that’s effects on main outputs (consumed power and surface roughness) was compared with other lubrication methods such as lubrication by cutting fluids and by air. In order to perform a series of experiments and investigate the effects of different process parameters such as tools rotational speed, feed rate, gas pressure and liquid flow rate on main outputs, the Taguchi method of design of experiments was employed and then the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the most important factors effecting main outputs. The results obtained by experiments showed that employing near dry lubrication leads to lower electrical power and comparable surface roughness as compared with other lubrication methods. The analysis of variance showed that feed rate is the most important factor affecting consumed power and liquid flow rate is the most important factor influencing surface roughness.

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In this study, by cooling coil load calculation in under floor air distribution systems, the effect of separate location of the return and exhaust vents and return vent height on energy consumption, thermal comfort conditions and indoor air quality have been investigated. Based on the results obtained from this study, when the height of return vent is equal to 2.0, 1.3, 0.65 and 0.3 m, the amount of energy usage reduction compared to no return vent is equal to 10.9, 15.3, 18.9 and 25.7 percent respectively. Limiting factors in the amount of this reduction are thermal comfort of occupants and indoor air quality. To this end, thermal comfort indices (Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied), local thermal discomfort index (Temperature gradient in vertical direction), and indoor air quality index (Mean Local Air Age) have been probed with changing return vent height by CFD methods (AirPak software with SIMPLE algorithm by using Indoor Zero Equation turbulence model). Based on the results, by reducing the height of return vent from ceiling to floor, the exhaust air temperature increased, which causes to temperature gradient increase in vertical direction. The survey was conducted that choosing the location of 1.3 m(upper boundary of occupied space in seated mode) for return vent, causes to 15.3 percent reduction in the amount of energy consumption while maintaining the states of thermal comfort conditions and indoor air quality.

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Numerous studies in the last decade that have investigated the stylistic features of literary works in morphological layer do not help much in advancing stylistic studies and historical behavior of Persian language.
In the present study, which evaluates the literature of stylistics in morphological layer, twenty-seven research papers and dissertations written in the Iranian departments of Persian language and literature of academia have been reviewed and critiqued.

Numerous studies in the last decade that have investigated the stylistic features of literary works in morphological layer do not help much in advancing stylistic studies and historical behavior of Persian language. In the present study, which evaluates the literature of stylistics in morphological layer, twenty-seven research papers and dissertations written in the departments of Persian language and literature in Iran have been reviewed and critiqued. The findings indicate that these studies suffer several shortcomings, including: misunderstanding the basic morphological concepts, defining overlapping morphological categories, misreading texts and misidentifying the grammatical role of words, neglecting the diachronic behavior of Persian language, confusing research strategies and introducing unnecessary and redundant models and some other common mistakes. These problems are serious hurdles in the way of stylistic studies in morphological layer and also understanding Persian language changes. Finally, some suggestions have been made to address the aforementioned problems.

Introduction:

Studies on literary stylistics would seemingly lead to weak theoretical and applied literary research if linguistic theories and tools were not considered. Although in recent years, some researchers have paid attention to this important issue and inspected stylistic studies, they haven't considered linguistic theories. Literary stylistics as an interdisciplinary field studies literary styles with the help of linguistic tools. It is argued that the goal of literary stylistics is to find linguistic data for critical judgment of literary texts (Wales, 2006: 213). Studying the stylistic research related to morphological layer, the authors tended to investigate the attitude of researchers toward morphology.
Materials and Methods:
Investigating 18 research articles, 7 MA dissertations and 2 PhD theses in the field of Persian literature, this paper studies and evaluates the studies in field of stylistics and morphology, employing Spencer and Zwicky (2001) and Shaghaghi (2010). Morphology studies the internal structure of words and its rules and relations. The goal of the studies in the field of morphology is to identify words from non-words, morphemes and their types, types of words and word-formation processes. Also, inflection and derivation are considered as two distinct areas in morphology.  
Results: 
This paper found that although these studies open a way toward stylistic study of morphology, they suffer some shortcomings, such as:
A) Misunderstanding the basic morphological concepts: It is obvious that stylistic researchers who focus on morphology and lexical layer should use the terminologies and specialized words of this field, so that avoid using unrelated terminologies. Any violation of this principle will lead to the confusion and misunderstanding of the readers, and finally not transferring the knowledge. Investigating the corpus of the present study, the authors find that there exists chaos in the use of terminologies and specialized words in the field of morphology. The most prominent misunderstanding of linguistic concepts was related to two key concepts of derivation and compounding. Stylistic researchers utilize "derivational compounding" and "derivational compound" to indicate the processes of derivation and compounding, and this shows the inattention and carelessness of these researchers in the use of standard terminology in the field of morphology. 
B) Defining overlapping morphological categories: Investigating the corpus clearly shows that the authors didn't consider homogeneity principle in analyzing the Persian word-formation system. For instance, "affixed and semi-affixed compounds" is, in fact, the same as "derivation" in Persian which is formed by affixation. Furthermore, the concepts of "infinitive compounds", "adjective compounds", nominal compounds" and "truncated compounds of agentive and accusative adjectives" are overlapping and obviously shows the misunderstanding of researchers in identifying and differentiating the fields of morphology, syntax and semantics and also indicates their carelessness in methodology and in defining the categorization of concepts in a scientific and systematic way. 
C) Misreading texts and misidentifying the grammatical role of words: some research, although few, didn't correctly identify the grammatical role of words, for example Abedi and Ali Jola (2015).
D) Neglecting the diachronic behavior of Persian language: One instance of neglecting the historical changes of language is incorrect usage of words like "archaic" and "obsolete".
E) Confusing research strategies and introducing unnecessary and redundant models.
F) Neglecting the application of coinage and neologism: In one of the studies (Golizadeh and Gorooyi, 2012), some words were regarded as coinage which were used long before that date.
G) Neglecting foundations and principles of corpus linguistics: Neglecting foundations and principles of corpus linguistics is one of the important shortcomings of the investigated studies. Most of these studies were done to investigate linguistic innovations and word-formation skills in Persian literary works.
Conclusion:
The negligence of researchers in choosing the corpus, linguistic norms and its frequency hurdles in the way of stylistic studies. In addition, the analysis showed that the researchers didn't consider linguistic knowledge. Stylistic linguistics uses linguistic theories in description and interpretation of literary texts, so the stylists in the field of literature should know linguistics and apply it in research. In order to satisfy this goal, there are some suggestions in stylistic studies in the field of morphology: a) choosing one linguistic element or concept in research, b) determining a definite goal for stylistic research, c) using linguistic theories for understanding the basic concepts of research and designing a purposeful structure for the research, d) studying the existing linguistic corpus.  
References:
Abedi, M., & Ali Jola, E. (2015). Tarkibsazi va Hamayi Vazhegani dar Shaer-e Enghelab-e Eslami va Paydari. Adabiyat-e Paydari, 13, 205-226. [in Persian]
Golizadeh, P., & Gorooyi, R. (2012). Tahlil-e Sabkshenasi-e Tarikh-e Beyhaghi bar Mabna-ye Tarkibat-e Eshteghghi. ­ Sabkshenasi Nazm va Nasr-e Farsi (Bahar-e Adab), 5(6), 275-292. [in Persian]
Shaghaghi, V. (2010). Mabani-y-e Sarf. Tehran: Samt. [in Persian]
Spencer, A., & Zwicky, A. M. (Eds.). (2001). The Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wales, Katie. (2014). A Dictionary of Stylistics. 3rd Edition. Routledge.
 
 

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In this study, hazelnut kernels were dried in an infrared dryer with microwave pretreatment. To determine the optimization conditions of the hazelnut samples, response surface methodology and central composite design were used to investigate the effect of temperature levels (45, 65 and 85 ° C), infrared power levels (500, 1000 and 1500 W) and microwave power levels (270, 450 and 630 W) on drying of hazelnut kernels. The adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models (Lack of Fit and R²) were checked with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response surfaces and contour plots were created to show the interaction between the independent and the response variables. Based on the experiments, the optimum conditions for the highest values of effective moisture diffusivity and L^* (color index) and the lowest values of consumption energy, shrinkage and a^*, b^* (color indices) were determined at air temperature of 45°C, microwave power of 470.86 W and infrared power of 1316.72 W. The optimum values of the response variables affecting the effective moisture diffusivity, consumption energy, shrinkage, L*, a* and b* were obtained 2.35×10^-9 m² s^-1, 2.65 kWh, 12.94%, 54.10, 14.97 and 16.70, respectively.  

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Nowadays, the fundamental role of information in contracting process, particularly in consumer contracts, is persuaded the national legislators to protect the less informed contracting party. However, there are some controversial doctrinal views including positive, negative and neutral view, about imposing general duty to inform. England’s common law does not recognize any general duty to disclose material facts. However, dominant judicial doctrine of European countries imposes general duty to inform. This paper is trying to study and analyze the mainsprings of these controversial views. Our supposition here would be that positive view has more reasonable mainsprings comparison whit the negative and neutral view.

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The consumption expenditure is a key element of macroeconomic analyses, which accounts for considerable share of aggregate demand in Iran. Any effort for forecasting the future consumption trend is of special importance for policy-makers. In this paper, we specify a consumption model relying on theoretical basics in order to obtain desirable forecasts. On the basis of Duesenberry and Friedman consumption theories, we use genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to simulate Iranians consumption during 1973-2009. Then we select the superior model in terms of prediction power criteria and forecast consumption until 2025. According to the results, the PSO algorithm is efficient and accurate in forecasting consumption; and consumption behavior of Iranians is consistent with Duesenberry theory. In addition, the simulations by exponential consumption model indicate increasing average propensity to consume until 2025.  

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Productivity improvement is considered as one of the important strategies for providing economic growth and raising firms’ competitiveness. In this study, using the Divisia method, first the total factor productivity has been calculated during 2003-2009 and then the effects of trade openness, energy consumption and human capital on the total factor productivity has been investigated within subsectors of Iran’s industry. The estimation results using panel data model indicate that the trade openness, energy consumption and human capital have positive and significant effects on the total factor productivity. Meanwhile, the effect of skilled and experienced workers on the total factor productivity is stronger than educated workers.

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 Pathogen growth in vitro is one of the major problems in plant micropropagation, so the most important stage of in vitro culture of plants is disinfection of the cultures. In the common methods of disinfection, the media and plant materials, apparatus such as autoclaves and chemicals disinfectents are used, which causes the time of this process and the costs to increase. This research objective to improve the disinfection of Iris hollandica cv. Apollo scales using different plant essential oils (thyme, cumin and savory) and the methods of using essential oils as disinfectants, the use of essential oils in the medium and the use of essential oils fumigation was done in four independent experiments. The use of essential oils of thyme, cumin, and savory completely prevented both contamination of the culture medium and contamination of the explant. The best disinfection method was when the essential oils were used in combination with the culture medium. Bacterial contamination was better controlled at concentrations of 0.125 to 0.25%, but the concentration of 0.25% of essential oils resulted in better control of fungal infection. The least browning of iris scale explants was observed at a concentration of 0.125. The technique presented in this study can significantly reduce the cost of electricity and lighting, as well as personnel costs. Therefore, this method can introduce a practical and cost-effective technique for plant micropropagation.

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The price fluctuations due to adjustments to Iran's national milk pricing policy affect households’ welfare. This study examines the effect of milk price increases on the welfare of urban income groups using time series data during 1982-2009. The relationships among per capita demand for milk, average milk price and disposable per capita income were estimated for five income groups using Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model. The results indicate that compensating variation and welfare are downside, this means that elimination of milk subsidies results in more welfare fluctuations in low income groups than that of high income ones. Therefore, it is difficult for groups at lower income levels to compensate for losses. If the government divides the cost of lost subsidies equally among households, financial losses resulting from price increases cannot be compensated for two groups, but higher income groups will benefit most from redistribution policy.

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Nowadays, using the double skin facades has attracted the attention of many engineers because of its significant effects on the buildings’ energy consumption. The previous researches have shown that the double skin facades have an appropriate thermal performance in the cold season. However, using double skin façade may lead to increase the building’s energy demand in the warm season. Therefore, in the recent years, the idea of using double skin facades with phase change materials (PCM) has been proposed in order to decrease the summer energy consumption of buildings. In this study, a thermal performance analysis has been performed by considering a high-rise building with the phase change material double skin façade in Tehran climatic conditions. The results indicate that although using the ordinary double skin façades can decrease the building’s energy consumption up to 20% in cold months of the year; it can lead to increase the summer cooling load about 4.6%. However, by using double skin façades with the phase change material glazing, the building’s energy consumption in cold and warm seasons may decrease about 40% and 26%, respectively.