Showing 138 results for Narrative
Speech Chief Editor,
Volume 17, Issue 65 (4-2024)
Abstract
## Edited Text in Academic Style
The achievements of literary studies over the past three decades have been substantial, contrary to the assertions of critics and detractors. During this period, a significant body of research has been published in the form of doctoral dissertations, scholarly articles, and comprehensive monographs on literary works and authors.
The divergent attitudes towards literature and literary studies have given rise to two distinct approaches: micro and macro literary studies. This article examines the predominance of micro-literary studies and the absence of macro-literary studies in the recent three decades. Furthermore, it acknowledges that recent research findings have called into question or discredited some of the renowned narratives and theories of reference in Persian literature. The article elucidates why, despite the wealth of research, a comprehensive theory of reference has yet to emerge in the field of literature.
Nima Nattagh, Fares Bagheri,
Volume 17, Issue 66 (8-2024)
Abstract
Since the 1930s, narratives of the fundamental story of the Arash myth have been narrated by contemporary Iranian writers. These narratives have read this myth with impressions that are influenced and appropriate to the intellectual, cultural and political currents of the society of their era. The common denominator of all these narratives are the dual confrontations that constantly repeat themselves in the narration process. The confrontation between Arash and the people, between Iran and Turan, and even between Arash and his own self. For a clear analysis of the structure in mythology, Strauss calls it in his own way as Asturaj. This method, which originated from linguistics, is a suitable method for analyzing this myth. In this research, an attempt is made to study five contemporary texts that focus on the myth of Arash and by using the method of separating the constituent parts of the myth according to Strauss, to address the differences between the retellings of the myth of Arash in the mentioned texts. The idea of knowing myth as a form of language has always been of interest among mythologists. Myth, in its roots, before stories and legends, was alive in the discourse of humans, and it was considered a form of language for communication between humans, and it was also the way of thinking of previous humans. Claude Lévi-Strauss, by studying the origin of mythology, had noticed the existence of dual oppositions of their ancient foundations. In the book Raw and Cooked, Strauss sees the dual opposition as two parallel lines that flow into each other.
Extended Abstract
The idea of understanding myth as a form of language has always been popular among mythologists. When we look for the roots of mythology and find out that before stories and legends they were alive in the discourse of humans and were actually a form of language to communicate, we mostly come to the fact that mythology was the way of thinking of earlier humans. Claude Lévi-Strauss, by studying the origins of mythology and most of European mythology, notices the existence of dual oppositions in their ancient origins. In Iranian mythology, these dual confrontations are also clearly visible. The basic idea of Iranian mythology is based on the battle between good and bad or good and evil. This idea repeats itself in Iranian mythology; Ahuramazda and Ahriman, Jamshid and Zahhak, Iran and Turan, etc., even in some Iranian myths, whose stories are about the same character, this dual opposition can be seen. Like the story of Zarvan, who was born as good and bad, he faced a double conflict with his doubts. Strauss presents this idea in his book Raw and Cooked. But he does not see this double opposition as two parallel lines that never meet, but believes that they flow into each other. In fact, Strauss considers myth as a kind of basic structure for understanding cultural communication. He believes that these connections mainly emerge with dual confrontations or contradictions. Like raw and cooked. They contradict each other. Raw is associated with nature and cooked shows culture. It is these contradictions that create a kind of basic structure for all the ideas and thoughts of every culture.
In order to better understand and analyze these contrasts, Strauss proposes a method called Asturaj, which uses phonology in linguistics, helps to better analyze the myth, and in the following, we use the same method to analyze the retellings of the myth of Arash. For this reason, we studied the retellings of the myth of Arash, which have been written by contemporary writers, who have different accounts of what was in his original story.
Since the end of the 1930s, the legend of Arash, which was less discussed among Iranian legends (due to the absence of his story in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh), has been re-read and in these re-readings, it has gained a new life among Iranians. This book was initially compiled by Ehsan Yarshater in the collection of stories of ancient Iran, which presents a two-page narrative of the story of Arash Kamangir to the audience for the first time in the modern era, and with the recognition of this myth, Siavash Kasraei, Arsalan Pouria, Nader Ebrahimi, Bahram Beyzai and Siavash Hemti wrote their different interpretations of this myth. Undoubtedly, the political and social situation ruling Iran at the time of writing these works was not without influence, but when we analyze the myth from within and analyze the contradictions between the elements that make up the structure of each narrative, we come to find distinctions, the study of which can lead us to learn more about the function of this ancient myth in today's times.
Volume 17, Issue 68 (10-2020)
Abstract
The present study dealt with the narration process of the story “One Thousand and One Nights” and sought demonstrating the movement trends of the narrator’s narration-processing for postponing and neutralizing a morbid action and achievement of the ultimate goal, i.e. complete cessation of that action and reaching the discourse’s teleology based on Greimas’s semio-semantic approach. The main issue of the current research was figuring out how the narration leaked into the discourse and caused a change in the discourse mechanism following which the action system (i.e. murder and the king’s sense of revenge) was suspended; the continuation of such a suspension caused the value system to be changed and it was seen that the change and transformation of the value system resulted in returning from nothingness to existence. The semio-semantic analysis of this story showed that the initial opposing actions between Shahrzad and Shahriyar were transformed into emotional and adjusting status in the course of the narration-processing and a semantic transcendence occurred with the change from the disordered status to the organized status.
Zahra Jannessari Ladani,
Volume 17, Issue 68 (2-2025)
Abstract
This article examines Zoha Kazemi’s novel, Humanoid, from the perspective of memory studies and pursues two goals: to delve into the effects of advanced technologies, in the dystopian society of the novel, on characters’ memories and the change in their human identity; and to examine the relation between the act of narrating in the novel and memory and its functions, and its relation with the formation of the political act and social reform. This research is necessary as Humanoid came into being in an era of rapid technological change whereby the impact of these developments on mind, memory, individual and collective identity, and culture is inevitable. Thus, the investigation of these concerns in the crucible of literature is a timely response. This study adopts theories from the field of memory studies and provides a close reading of parts of the novel whenever required. In this way, focal issues such as declarative memory and procedural memory, the connection of memory with technology and the formation of identity, and the connection of memory with politics and narrative in the novel will be expounded. The results show that modern technologies in the field of biology in the dystopian society of Humanoid are tools to control and shape the human identity, and put it on its path of evolution towards the post-human state. On the other hand, narrative can be considered as a tool to preserve human identity whereby it leads to political action, and moves the society towards awareness, resistance and change.
Saeede Mazloumian, Bahareh Jalali Farahani,
Volume 17, Issue 68 (2-2025)
Abstract
In the play Death of Yazdgerd, Bahram Beyzai challenges the correction of historical narratives about the death of Yazdgerd. The characters improvise im/plausible micronarratives about the king’s murder. The play, investigates on one hand, the grand narrative in which the divine power bestows the king the right to rule people and on the other hand the micronarratives which dispute the logic of this absolutist monarchy. The research also demonstrates Beyzai’s techniques to deconstruct the grand narrative and lower it to the level of micronarratives.
Volume 19, Issue 77 (12-2022)
Abstract
A newfound manuscript which is known as Kolliat-e Garshaspname , is one of the scrolls which Its final form has been written in Qajar era.The author of this manuscript, Morshed Gholi, has prepared this mentioned manuscript based on a manuscript by Sef Aldin which had been related to the Safavid era (Shah Tahmasp ) . The review of this manuscript shows that the writer has been familiar with the multiplicity of narations and has not been a mere copywriter. One of noticeble interesting narration is the death of Nariman and Garshasb in the Sepandkooh. In spite of Garshaspname naration, in this naraition, Garshasb doesn't die of natural death and is killed by the force of magnetism. The authors of this article not only introduce this manuscript but also show its linguistic and stylistic features. Based on this study, the manuscript has a simple language and using ellipsis and participle are the obvious Syntactic features of the manuscript. In terms of rhetorical aspects mainly, contains, exaggeration, irony and similes, which are mostly sensational, banal and streotype. In addition Rhyme and pun rarely exist in this manuscripton.
Volume 20, Issue 1 (1-2013)
Abstract
Today, there is a plethora of literature on the process of accelerating growth of science and technology in Iran. Assuming technology as a social construct of modern society, and in the light of Ricoeurian hermeneutic approach, this paper aims, first, to show the resemblance of the current discursive relationship between the Iranian society and technology to a "discourse of faith" and, second to explain how this discourse has roots in the preceding one which can be considered as a "discourse of suspicion". To do so, the paper first, builds a conceptual model based on the Ricoeurian theory of interpretation, where, by analogy, modern technology is compared to the text and the user of the technology as its reader. Then, it introduces two episodes of relationship between technology and its Iranian users in the public policy of the post-revolutionary era: distanciation and appropriation. It concludes that the current growth of scientific endeavors serves as the material base for an Iranian discourse of techno-nationalism; a new self-identification which motivates the elites to develop new bases for national self-esteem.
Volume 20, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
The Kalila & Dimna is considered as one of the beautiful collections of stories written in the field of philosophy and politics. In other words, animals used in this book as symbols have incurred much impact and at the same time could keep the actual intentions of the author hidden. One of the fables in this book is about a lion and jackals that show how their hostilities turn into friendship. The current paper tries to answer the following questions: Does this story carry the elements of fiction? (With regard to narrative context, characters, events and dialogType text or a website address or translate a document.ee), what are the relationships between these elements? Is there coherence among components? To respond to these questions, an attempt is made to discuss the fictional elements based on the principles of structuralism that forms the internal elements of the text. We have tried to distinguish the place of each of the elements in the story in order to explain the exact interaction between them as well as the nature of the relationship. Finally, we find that this story contains fictional elements in the framework of coherent structure.
Volume 21, Issue 83 (4-2024)
Abstract
After Aristotle that was the first theorist of plot, in recent decades, Propp was the first theorist that start searching for common frameworks and patterns in the plot, especially in folktales; And these studies continued after him. Norman Friedman is one of the contemporary narratologists who has studied the structure of the plot, influenced by the methods and views of Aristotle and Propp; and based on the three main components of Aristotle's view, namely action/ fortune, character and thought, he has introduced 14 types of plots. Since structures and themes are generally repetitive in folk tales, in the present study, the types of plots in Nakhshabi's Touti Nameh stories, which are folk works of the 8th century, have been studied in a descriptive-analytical manner based on Friedman's view; While introducing a new perspective to narratology research, find out which one of the 14 types of plots is used in the Touti Nameh. Based on the results, in the 75 main and sub-stories examined, all types of Friedman plots are used, and this shows the richness and structural variety of the plot in this work; It was also found that there is a significant relationship between the use of some of the most frequent types of plots of fortune and character in stories.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (10-2015)
Abstract
Narrative frequency is one of the main temporal and stylistic categories as well as an important miraculous aspect de-familiarizing Qur’an. The story of Adam is among the Qur’anic stories that have been repeated in seven verses. Of the artistic aspects of this story, it can be referred to its narrative dissemination. The types of frequency differing from singular, anaphoric, style and anaphoric frequency where the last two have been used more due to their semantic aspects. Of the functions of frequency in the story of Adam, one can mention the emphasis on the former meaning by verbal and stylistic dislocation or the verbal correlation, fixation of meaning in the mind of the addressee and immortality of the content, surprise of the reader, signification and enrichment, clarification of the event and character and concentration on the theme in the story and expansion of the concepts and aesthetic function. This story has employed unique narrative styles in selection that inspires different meanings such as de-familiarization frequency, frequent retrospective and prospective and combination of both of them and utilization of different viewpoints, usage of continuous tense and these styles serve for religious and educational purposes. This paper tries to explain the de-familiarization of frequency.
Volume 23, Issue 2 (4-2016)
Abstract
This article attempts to explain democratization in Iran through an elite-oriented approach. According to this approach, the success and failure of democratization depends on the political elite strategy. My argument is that the fate of democratization is determined by elite strategies. If their strategy is considered suppressive, an authoritarian cycle will take place in the transition stage, but if the political elite strategy is considered non-suppressive, the index of democratic transition increases. In this study, the political elites are divided into two groups: conservatives and reformists. The analysis method is historical-narrative technique. The empirical findings indicate that whenever the hardliners inside the government are stronger than the opposition groups, they constrain the democratization by suppressing the opposition (moderates and reformists), which leads to a decrease in the index of democratic transition, as exemplified in the 13th parliamentary in 1941. Whenever the reformers are stronger than the conservatives and they are allowed to participate in elections, the index of democratic transition tends to increase, as shown in the 17th parliament under the rule of Mușaddiq and the 7th presidential elections after the 1979 Revolution. The data demonstrates that democratization is still fragile in Iran and it’s the fate would be determined by the relative power of reformists and conservatives.
As a result, I argue that Iran’s democratic transition is fragile and it’s the fate is determined by the relative power of reformists and conservatives.
Volume 23, Issue 4 (10-2016)
Abstract
Films are generally more attractive than other forms of TV shows. Such attractiveness can be enhanced through Steerable plots where the audiences act not merely as passive spectators, but rather as active participants. The production of an interactive film requires a narrative structure based on which the plot can be written and expanded. This paper attempted to investigate and propose a new engaging narrative structural model that can be used in TV shows. Moreover, the new model can bring about cost-effectiveness for producers and filmmakers, while enabling the audience to actively create a narrative, switching from one narrative line to another. A successful medium outlet in this competitive arena tends to attract a wider range of audience, leaving a far greater impact on the audience. This is in contrast to ordinary films entailing only one theme and effect. Dubbed as interactive narrative, the newly proposed model can both influence every narrative line and the viewer, which was called a hyper-structure impact in this paper. The final section will explore the experience of producing an interactive short film based on the newly proposed model.
Volume 24, Issue 1 (2-2018)
Abstract
Universal literary theory is a new critical approach that aims to study universal mechanisms literary work at the levels of Inline text, language, and framework. The Universality is to achieve the level of universal recognition of the greatness of literary work and the desire to translate, read and study. There is no doubt that the efforts of Najib Mahfouz in the case of the novel had a great significance in the movement of Arab narratives towards the world. This article attempts to investigate the Universal literary elements in the novel "Our neighborhood kids" within the Universal literary theory, through a curriculum that is a bridge between the Universal literary theory and the descriptive-analytical approach. The results indicate that this novel has the advantages to qualify for the presence in the world space, the most important is the victory of Najib Mahfouz Nobel Prize. In addition to the presence of Inline text element’s such as the conflict between religion and knowledge, and the balance between Egyptian society and the Universal level in terms of ideas, the author's involvement in Egypt's political power and culture has helped him gain access to the Universal literary space. Then translating the novel into the most important languages of the world, such as English and French, which helped her to cross the border of Egypt. But the universality of this novel does not imply the availability of all the elements of the Universal literary
Volume 24, Issue 3 (10-2020)
Abstract
Regret is a key element of future customer behaviors & Post-Purchase Regret is one of the negative emotions after the purchase. The development of technology and the ease of access to information about not selected purchase options have raised the possibility of regret. Generally, there are various factors in the post-purchase regret that increase or decrease the intensity of this negative feeling. .In this research , based on Narrative research methodology, interviews was conducted with 10 young women. thematic analysis revealed factors intensify post –purchase regret in 9 categories: ease of Physical and technical comparison options, acceptance of responsibility, brand credibility and product price level, decision maximization versus satisfaction, decision justification, social comparison, diversity and time horizons of future options, and ultimately enduring involvement with the chosen option.
Volume 28, Issue 2 (6-2021)
Abstract
Historiography throughout the nineteenth century was influenced by the two paradigms of Leopold von Ranke's "narrative" and Auguste Comte's "positivism." From his birth, Comte’s sociology took the path of separation from history. Marx, Weber, and Durkheim descended from the ivory tower of positivism and began the first convergent steps by questioning history. Marc Bloch pioneered this convergence, and his efforts and those of anal historians at the beginning of the twentieth century had a clear impact on the formation of new knowledge of historical sociology. This contemporary knowledge is not well-known and the dialogue of sociologists and historians, according to Fernand Braudel, remained the conversation of the deaf. On the other hand, the excitement of some historians in turning to sociological theories and their misuse caused them to distance themselves from the principles of historiography. The main question of this research is: What are the components of Mark Bloch's methodology in historiography? How can this methodology be used by historians? The findings of this study show:1- "Critique of narrative-oriented historiography and influenced by positivism", 2- "Extensive but conditional receipt of other knowledge" and 3- Presenting a "comparative history" forms the main components of Bloch's approach, which historians can present a more scientific and humane history by being aware of these components and examples of Bloch's research.
Volume 30, Issue 1 (10-2022)
Abstract
In Genette's narrative discourse, both the story and its way of narration, namely discourse are emphasized and narration is regarded as an interaction between the story and discourse. In this approach, discourse has three aspects: form, tone and time that is consisted of discipline, continuity and repetition. Using a descriptive-analytical method and by investigating the structure of time, narrative focuses, the distance between narration and narrator's expression in Umm Sa'd novel, in the present study we try to analyze narrative text and determine the extent of application of this approach by Ghassan Kanafani with the purpose of forming the narrative system and structure of the story. It is supposed that the novel is involved with interference of triple time periods and fits this hypothesis; hence it is demonstrated that due to focusing on descriptive pause at the beginning of the story, the story's acceleration is negative and non-important events are removed at the end parts of the story, as a result the narration gains a positive acceleration; however, the dominant frequency is singular in this story and repetitive frequency has been used for meaningful emphasis in novel's plot. By violating the time's linear routine, the author has used different types of retrospective and prospective anachronism but simultaneous narration that manifests as dialogue and debate between two parties has the most frequency and this caused a realistic space within the story and reduction of the distance between audience and text, as a result Kanafani's narrative dynamism is enhanced.
Volume 31, Issue 1 (9-2024)
Abstract
Narratology is a new science and the result of the structuralist revolution in the field of fiction, which achieves the various dimensions and hidden meanings of a literary work and increases the power of understanding the text by examining its narrative techniques and structures. One of the most prominent structuralist theorists is Gerard Genette, whose theory in one of the most complete and effective theories of narratology. Genette's theory holds that the structure of literary texts is described and analyzed based on the three components of time, mood, and voice. This paper examines the narrative component and its function in the short stories "Sourat Shakira" by Mahmoud Shoukair and "Asrar al-Duri" by Akram Haniyeh, the contemporary Palestinian writers, using an analytical-descriptive method. The paper aims at showing the usefulness of the narrative study of the short story despite the limitations of the structure and its small volume in reading and analyzing a literary work and penetrating its inner layers.
Volume 31, Issue 3 (8-2024)
Abstract
Modernist literature decidedly experiments with such modes of discourse representation as free indirect discourse (FID) to highlight the subjective nature of reality and reflect the estrangement of the modern subject. Accordingly, an analysis of discourse representation has proved to be integral in exploring Modernist narratives. The discourse representation in movies, however, has received little attention from film narratologists. After an overview of discourse representation in literature and film, the present paper examines Virginia Woolf’s modernist masterpiece Mrs Dalloway (1925) and its cinematic adaptation of the same title by Marleen Gorris (1997) and its interconnectedness to present characters’ subjectivities. The basic claim of this study is that the (free) indirect discourses of the novel are turned into free direct discourse in the movie using the technique of internal sound or flashback. Although there are instances of internal focalisation in this movie, they are so disjointed or short that the dominant discourse remains that of the narrator. Therefore, the findings of the present essay demonstrate that Gorris’ film is not creative enough to bring about effects equal to or beyond those produced by Woolf’s or reproduce the underlying forces of “difference” at play in Woolf’s text.
