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Writing assessment literacy(WAL) for second or foreign language (L2) teachers, which refers to teachers’ knowledge, conceptions, and practice of writing assessment in L2 contexts, has lately received attention from scholars. Although there has been significant debate about the impact of contextual and conceptual factors on teachers’ assessment literacy, studies focusing on how such factors influence teachers’ WAL are lacking. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the way Iranian English writing teachers' conception of assessment, and macro, meso, and micro contextual variables impact their writing assessment practice. It also looked at how writing teachers make assessment decisions in order to negotiate and find a compromise when their assessment views and beliefs diverge from the assessment policies in their local contexts. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with ten in-service l2 writing teachers in Iran. The findings show that participants had positive conceptions about formative writing assessments but they stated that they mostly used summative assessment in writing classes. Macro level contextual factors turned out to mostly impacted teachers’ writing assessment practices and conceptions. The results underscored the role of school and work experience in shaping and changing writing assessment conceptions. The findings of this study contribute to our current understanding of WAL development and provision of more efficient assessment training for language teachers in teacher education programs.

 

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Narratives have many layers of meaning. These semantic layers encompass intra-discourse systems and represent their changes and developments. Eric Landowski sought to achieve the missing links of meaning in narrative contexts by designing semantic systems. Contexts that show discourse and narrative actions. According to Landowski's four semantic systems, which are emphasized in this study, namely, the system of "abyss and spinning ", it is possible to decipher the signs in the text and the relationship between these signs and each other and the author's worldview. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to achieve subtle and coherent layers of meaning in the novel Symphony of the Dead by Abbas Maroufi. Given the mastery of the author in creating works with the fluid flow of the mind in this study, we aim to show how the subjects are intertwined with the world around them and as they are opening up, their emotions and to some extent their destiny to another spreads. Also, by analyzing the abyss system, we come to the point that the subject cannot shape his own destiny alone, and after he finds himself incapable, he is forced to accept what luck has for him.
 

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Sports tourism and destination management

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This research investigates the vegetation of 4600 ha of Polour semi-steppe rangelands in relation to edaphic and physiographical parameters in Mazandaran province. For this purpose, 23 land units were selected from overlaying slope, aspect and elevation maps using geographic information system (GIS). Within each unit, 3 parallel transects with 100 m length, each containing 10 quadrates (according to vegetation variation) were established. Sampling method was Random systematic. Measured soil properties included texture, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphor, and litter. Soil and plant data were analyzed with redundancy analysis and SHAZAM 10 package. RDA analysis suggesting that there is a relatively high correspondence between vegetation and environmental factors that explain 93% of the total variance in data set. RDA results showed that soil slope, aspect, soil texture, acidity, phosphor, and litter were the major environmental factors responsible for variations in vegetation patterns. Furthermore, results also showed that for F .ovina and P .bulbosa, acidity and nitrogen, for A .gossypinus, organic matter and salinity and for D .glomerata, nitrogen have the most important role in plant presence and absence probability.

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In the last decade, there has been more attention towards the assessment and improvement of construction  phase embodied energy. In addition to buildings maintenance energy, large amounts of energies are consumed in construction process which is called embodied energy. This research results from recording all types of energies used in construction phase and presenting a numerical calculation method to assess the embodied energy of area unit and also decreasing this energy to its lowest possible limit. In order to achieve the minimum embodied energy, three energy consuming phases are calculated for 1400 square meter case study; which are material embodied energy, transportation energy and erection and on-site energy. Deviation of total embodied energy for the area shows 795.14 GJ/M2 as embodied energy. This digit is a reliable benchmark for comparing these three energy consuming phases and also comparing this construction system with other ones. Total embodied energy it the result of all three parts. But analysis of them shows that it's necessary to substitute some materials with more optimized ones. The result of this substitution decreased the embodied energy to 12.75 GJ/M2 and which is about 1.6% of the first measured embodied energy.

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Soil erosion is an abstruse phenomenon which contains segregation and transmission of soil particles and runoff from rainfall and infiltration. Runoff and sediment generation was compared using rainfall simulator in grassland (St. parviflora-Br. tomentellus) and shrubland (As. parrowianus-As. gossipinus). For this purpose, vegetation map was supplied for two vegetation types four main aspects and two slope classes (12%-20% and 20%-40%)  and corresponding work units were accordingly determined Three points were selected in each unit and rainfall simulator set inside them through a randomized pattern. The intensity of rainfall simulation was 1.6 mm min^-1 with 10 minute duration and then runoff and sediment were measured. One soil sample (depth of 0–40 cm) was collected and assessed for pH, OM, EC, P, K, Ca, Mg and texture in the laboratory at the vicinity of the study area. The results of Duncan test and multiple regressions showed that grassland had more runoff and sediment than shrubland, but initial time of runoff in grassland was less than shrubland. Also aspects, slopes and soil characteristics (EC, Ca, Clay, P) had significant effects on runoff, sediment and initial time and they had linear correlation with runoff and sediment.

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One of the important technical obstacles in the study of many filamentous fungi is the development of efficient transformation system. Transformation of filamentous fungi is difficult because they have a cell wall and for most frequently used approaches preparing of protoplast is necessary. Protoplast preparation is batch-dependent and often frustrating work. In this study, a modified method was introduced for gene transfer to the plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight disease in small grains. This protocol was based on protoplast-PEG method. Age of mycelia, enzymes exposure time and mycelium/enzyme ratio were optimized for the purpose of protoplast preparation. The outcome showed that the best result for protoplast preparation was obtained when 1.5 × 10⁵ spores were let germinate for 6 h then exposed to 10 ml of enzyme solution for 3 h. The effect of other parameters that might enhance transformation yields including PEG concentration, DNA quantity and number of protoplasts was also examined. The most efficient condition for transformation involved the use of 10⁶ protoplasts, 20 µg DNA and 30% PEG (w/v). In the course of this study, a simple and appropriate modified protocol for transformation of F. graminearum was established. The method introduced is also more economical and faster than other current methods.

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Background: Leptospirosis has been recognized as an important reemerging infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. A major challenge of this disease is the application of a basic research to improve diagnostic method. Outer membrane proteins of Leptospira are potential candidates that could be useful in diagnosis. Among them the lipL41 is an immunogenic protein which is present only in pathogenic serovars. In order to evaluate genetic conservation of the lipL41 gene, we cloned and sequenced this gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola.
Materials and Methods: Following the DNA extraction from the serovar, the lipL41 gene was amplified and cloned into pTZ57R/T vector and transformed into the competent E. coli (Top10). Recombinant clones were confirmed by colony PCR and DNA sequencing. The related sequences were then analyzed and compared with the sequences in the Genbank database.
Results: PCR amplification of the lipL41 gene resulted in a 1065 bp PCR product. The PCR based on the lipL41 gene detected all the pathogenic reference serovars of the tested Leptospira spp. It was revealed that in Iran the homology of the lipL41 gene between vaccinal and clinical serovars of Canicola was 100%. It also showed >95.9% homology with other pathogenic serovars in Genbank database, which indicates genetic conservation of this gene.
Conclusion: Because of the conservation of lipL41 gene among different strains of Leptospira and its exclusive presence in leptospira, it was revealed that the cloned gene could be further used as a good candidate for developing diagnostic methods such as ELISA and as positive control in diagnostic PCR.

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Today, the population of cities along with their socio-economic issues has created a new form of city and urbanization. Tehran province has seen the most changes in the city and urbanization due to the establishment of the capital, the metropolis of Tehran. The question is what are the consequences of urban demographic changes in Tehran province? Therefore, this study tries to investigate the consequences of demographic changes in Tehran province on its urban network during the years 1355-1395. The research method is descriptive and analytical and its type is inferential. The data were extracted by library method and analyzed using regional planning models such as city rank-size and prime city index, entropy and prime city coefficient, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. The results show that the increase in urban population in Tehran province is due to the dispersal of the metropolis of Tehran and the concentration of urban population in the western part of the province is higher than other aspects of communication. Although medium-sized cities have partially repaired the spatial rupture in the province's urban network, according to the rank-size model, the distance between the metropolis of Tehran and other cities in the province is still very large and there is no balance in the province's urban network. Meanwhile, the urban population is not uniformly but in a cluster around the metropolis of Tehran and in the next order of medium-sized cities.

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Identification of intertidal echinoderms and the effect of environmental factors on their density and distribution in five stations around the Khark Island were seasonally investigated. Three transects were designated to cover the supralittoral, eulittoral and sublittoral zones within each station. The environmental factors such as temperature, salinity and total organic maters (TOM) were also recorded. Maximum and minimum water temperature were recorded in summer (35.94 ± 0.28) and in winter (18.34 ± 0.39) and the maximum and minimum salinity were recorded in winter (44.6± 0.14) and spring (37 ± 0.18), respectively. Maximum and minimum percentages of total organic maters (TOM) were observed in summer (9.63 ± 0.71) and winter (3.39±0.15), respectively.Totally four species belonging to for families were identified, viz. Asterina burtoni, Echinometra mathaei, Holothuria atra, Ophiothrix sarignyi, the highest frequency of which was encountered by E. mathaei. The maximum density and distribution were found in spring and minimum in summer and winter.

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Background: This study aimed to assess the influence of video games on voice learning in students of speech therapy.
Methods & Materials: This study was a clinical trial study in which 102 fifth semester students of speech therapy group of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences took part and were divided into two groups. The first group included 27students who were admitted in the university from 2008and2009 trained in traditional training and the second group (N = 75) who were admitted in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 spent their traditional training plus using the software of Avaz-e-Ma. at the end of each semester. Students' satisfaction of the learning of each group was obtained through using the qualitative scale and the final exam of each group. The relationship between the learning type and the student scores was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and the difference between of both groups were analyzed by independent T-test.
Results: The mean age of the first and the second group were 20.11 ± 3.02 and 20.25 ± 2.12 years old respectively. The mean score of the students who learned by software were 18 ± 0.2 and the students by traditional way was 12 ± 0.2 that was significant difference (P < 0.001). The majority of the students (90%) believed that the use of software has been useful.
Conclusion: The use of educational games in the classroom leads to an increase in the students' grades and the satisfaction of the students with the quality of instruction. Accordingly, using technology in educational system is recommended.

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Error management culture is emerging concept which facilitates transferring and sharing the knowledge which obtained from organizational errors among employees and organizational units. This culture leads to improve learning processes among organizational units which denotes the concept of absorptive capacity. Knowledge gained from errors leads to improve organizational innovation which upgrade long-term organizational performance. This study examined the relationship between error management culture and organizational performance with consideration of the absorptive capacity role and innovative performance. All managers of pharmaceutical companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were selected as statistical society for this survey. Hypotheses were tested based on 153 collected questionnaires by structural equation modeling and regression analysis. Findings prove a positive relationship between variables. Absorptive capacity and innovative performance play the roles of mediators between error management culture and organizational performance.    
 

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Aim: Health locus of control includes the degree of a person's belief in the fact that his/her health is controlled by internal or external factors. The aim of this study was to determine the status of health locus of control and its related factors among Iranian pilgrims.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 600 pilgrims of the holy shrines in Tehran in 2015. People aged over 15 years who had come for pilgrimage to the shrines entered the study by convenient sampling and after consent. The A form of the Multi-dimensional Health Locus of Control scale was used. This form consists of Internal Health Locus of Control (IHLC), Powerful others (PHLC) and Chance External Locus of Control (CHLC). The relation of between age, gender, education, income, marital status and location of residence on each construct was evaluated by t-test, ANOVA and linear regression through SPSS21.
Findings: Among the total pilgrims, 302 were females (50.3%). The mean age of the participants was 33.15±11.06 years. The highest and lowest averages were associated with the internal locus of control (25.60±3.34) and the chance locus of control (18.20±5.13), respectively. There was a significant relationship between educational level and IHLC; between income and education level with CHLC; and between marital status and age with PHLC.
Conclusion: According to our results, most people think that they control their health or life events themselves. People with a higher internal locus of control score have more tendency to practice health promotion and disease prevention and seek health through visiting holy sites and appealing to God.

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Iran is geographically located in the arid climate zone of the earth, which has caused a natural shortage of water in the country. In the past, Iranians have taken some measures such as constructing qanat, dams and reservoirs in most parts of the country to cope with water shortages. Over time, population growth and the expansion of agricultural, industrial and service activities have increased the need for water use. In addition to these issues, the unbalanced distribution of activities and population in the country has often turned the natural phenomenon of water scarcity into a human and managerial phenomenon of the water crisis, as a result of which double pressure is placed on water resources. In this situation, it can be imagined that the environment and natural ecosystems are the first victims of human interventions that have led to water cuts or severe reductions in their right to water and the water crisis brings all kinds of environmental crises. The present study using a descriptive-analytic method investigates the effects and consequences of the water crisis on the country's environment. The research shows examples of this situation in different parts of the country. In a way that the water crisis in various dimensions has destroyed the environment and natural ecosystems in the country and has left irreparable consequences.

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This article aimed to develop a model of the effect of dimensions of organizational justice and innovative behavior among physical education teachers: investigating the mediating role of knowledge sharing and organizational trust. The current research method is descriptive correlation based on the purpose of applied studies. The sampling method was also non-probability, voluntary, and accessible, consisting of physical education teachers in Tehran city, and the estimation of the sample size was done using Sample Power software based on research variables (359). People were considered to answer the questionnaires on organizational justice dimensions, trust, and innovative behavior. In order to analyze the data, the structural equation model with the ordinary least squares approach was used. The findings showed that distributive and interactional justice affected knowledge sharing and organizational trust. Such procedural justice affected knowledge sharing but did not significantly affect organizational trust. Such knowledge sharing and organizational trust were predictors of innovative behavior. Therefore, if physical education teachers witness fair and justice-oriented behavior in their organization, their motivation and desire to share knowledge and innovation will also increase. Thus, motivating and innovative behavior should be properly identified and managed in the educational environment, and appropriate actions should be taken with justice-oriented and equal behavior in line with its development and promotion.
 

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Tensions between the Kurds and the Iraqi central government have continued throughout the country's contemporary history. The imposed geopolitics of the trans-regional powers in Iraq for more than half a century has led to violent ethnic resistance. To begin with, Iraq is an outcome of trans-regional geopolitical policy. Its leaders have always struggled to create an inclusive national identity and have used only violent means.
One of Iraq's problems for political stability and the creation of a coherent structure is the agreement with the Iraqi Kurdistan Federal Government on the disputed issues. Among these, one of the most contentious factors between the central government and the Kurds is the issues related to the disputed areas which its settlement is widely reflected in the Iraqi constitution and Security Council resolutions and a variety of solutions has been offered. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to study and explain the territorial dispute between the Kurds and the central government of Iraq. The results of the research show that the settlement of territorial disputes is affected by geopolitical competition and the best solution to this crisis is to use a good governance model for the development and stability of those areas.

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Propositional characteristics can be expressed by infinitives in Russian language. So the sentence is one-word. Infinitives can express potential acts; so that they can express virtual or indirect meanings.  In a one-word sentence or a single-capacity structure, infinitive can have meanings like: mandatory agreement of speaker with audience and inevitability of an act with быть infinitive, disagreeability, a state or act done directly by a physical or mental perception, logical subject evaluating an action or a state, indispensability, etc. This article explains the mentioned meanings in the structure of infinitive one-word sentences and discusses the methods of expressing them in Persian language.