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Abstract In many archaeological excavations, bone has been found in tow forms. In the form of tools and in the form of row material. Therefore, bone has been studied in several points and gives many beneficial information to researchers. In previous excavations less attention has been paid to the bones and other remains of human and animals, for example teeth and crown. These findings are now collecting and recording carefully. pale biologists, anthropologists, zoologists, and pale pathologists are surveying the information about economic, social and cultural condition in ancient society. In this research we will survey several applications of bone in the knowledge of antiquarian culture.

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Background: The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the main bacteria which are responsible forurinary tract, blood stream, cerebrospinal fluid, lower respiratory tract, and wound infections in Hamadan province in the west of Iran.
Materials and Methods:In this study,a total of 773 urinary tract, 273 blood stream, 13 cerebrospinal fluid, 408 respiratory tract, and 147 wound positive samples were collected from patients who referred toBesat hospital from April 2013 to October 2014.Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Modified Disk Diffusion Method (MDDM) against different classes of antibiotic.
Results: The most common pathogens isolatedfrom urine tract, blood stream, cerebrospinal fluid, lower respiratory tract, and wound infections wereE. coli 425 (54.9%),S. aureus 68 (24.9%),Klebsiellaspp. 3 (23%), P. aeruginosa 110 (26.9%), and S. aureus 30 (20.4%) respectively.The overall prevalence of resistance to the antimicrobial agents testedin various clinical specimens is discussed in this study.
Conclusion: The high resistancerate was observed in our study to most used antibiotics. Therefore, setting up a comprehensive surveillance systemis need to evaluate the distribution of organisms isolated and their drug resistance pattern over different period of time and place of Iran.

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‘Love’, which has been so generously bestowed by God upon the inner and outer worlds of human beings is a fundamental and pivotal issue; since it has its roots in the nature of man and the essence of life, and attracts them subconsciously. Pluto (270 AD, p.203 or 204) and Molana (604- 672 Lunar) are among those thinkers, who have talked about and artistically elaborated on love and its related concepts. Influenced by the different thinking atmospheres of their time, their incompatible civilizations as well as other variables of their time that have differently affected them, the two high-minded elites, who had greatly affected the thinking of other thinkers educated by them, were led to view love differently. The examination of the reflections of Neo-platonic thinking in the literary and theosophical texts including Molana Jalal-o-Din Balkhi’s Masnavi is important in many ways, and the important phenomenon of love is a profound and mysterious concept that, in a way, connects Plato’s theosophy with that of Molavi. Certain concepts in the reviewed works of these prominent characters, which have sometimes been taken as identical and influenced by each other, do seem different in some cases.  Despite a huge time gap –almost a millennium- between the writing time of “a collection of Pluto’s woks” and Molana’s Masnavi”, this paper aims to compare and contrast the concept of love in these two works through the library method of research using descriptive, inferential and analytic approaches to scrutinize some manifestations of similarities and differences between the viewpoints of these outstanding figures in the realm of insight and wisdom.

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Background: The global control of the drug resistance tuberculosis has remained as major challenge. The present study was the first review study in the Middle East region in order to determine levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to the first-line anti-TB drugs among both new and previously treated cases.
Materials and Methods: The computer-assisted search was performed by using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus databases and related keywords. Within the time span of 1981-2014, a total of 480 articles were collected on the antibiotic resistance rates of M. tuberculosis in different countries of the Middle East region. About 63 relevant articles were selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: By using meta-analyses, we determined mono drug resistance, any drug resistance, and multidrug resistance (MDR-TB) rates in both new and previously treated TB patients living in different parts of the Middle East. Other aspects related to patients, antimicrobial resistance, and methods used to assess the resistance rate were also analyzed.
Conclusion: The present study revealed that in comparison with the global average rate, the prevalence rate of drug resistant TB, especially MDR-TB, may be increasing in the Middle East. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of drug-resistant isolates, detecting primary resistance to anti-TB drugs with the use of new rapid diagnostic methods is necessary.

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Research Subject: In this paper, the adsorbents used to remove lead ion using adsorption operation have been reviewed.
Research Approach: The types of adsorbents used to remove lead ions, the modifications of adsorbents, adsorption conditions, isotherms and adsorption capacity of adsorbents have been investigated and compared based on the literature survey.
Main Results: Modification by impregnation of functional groups has a significant role in increasing the adsorption capacity. The pH of the solution plays an important role in the adsorption of lead ions and generally the adsorption capacity increases by increasing the pH of the solution. Langmuir's isotherm model has been more consistent with the equilibrium data. Among the reviewed adsorbents, carbon-based adsorbents such as activated carbon and graphen-oxide, modified by chemicals such as ammonium persulfate or polyamines, show higher adsorption. Also, biomasses due to their abundance and low prices have the potential to be used as lead ion adsorbents.

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Problem: A look at the history of the presence of art in public spaces shows that with the change of the paradigm of public art from artist-oriented art to the creation of society-oriented art and audience-oriented art, the choice of the type of public art and the environmental qualities affected by it appear more important. What threatens urban spaces today is the weak connection between the building components of a place, which cannot meet the needs of citizens.
Target: The current research aims to investigate the effect of visual art on environmental quality and tries to create the necessary environmental quality in the design of future urban spaces by experts.
Method: This research is developmental-applied in terms of type, and in terms of method, it has a nest-to-nest combination. To answer the research question, the qualitative research method is used in a nest-by-nest quantity. The statistical population is divided into two quantitative and qualitative parts. In the qualitative group of the statistical population, there were 14 experts who were selected by the snowball method. In the statistical population of quantitative research, the sample size is 180 people based on Cochran's formula and random sampling.
Result: The analysis of the results indicates that according to the results of multivariate regression, the component of visual richness with the value of (1.000) has the highest factor contribution, in the second order, the component of enjoying the environment with the value of (0.920) And the lowest is related to the component of improving the individual sense of belonging with the value (0.244). The special attention of urban designers regarding the structure of spaces and the use of extraction measures from the impact of visual arts components in urban spaces in different scales can increase the quality of urban environments.

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  In this article, formation of the first modern state in Iran has been studied within the framework of sociological analysis of agency and structure. Each structure is formed of joint actions,which will be the basis for future actions. Each action, on the other hand, also happens within a structure that can cause its contiouity or discontiniouity. In this article,the aforesaid dialectical effects have been reviewed in a way that social structures on the eve of the conflicts of modernity process in the Constitutional history of Iran will be the reason of social tensions and they eventually turn in to authoritarian political structure to overcome the crises by social forces. The theory construction of this study has been formed by the using of the theory state of "Bertrand Badie" and "Pierre Birnbaum", and the research hypothesis has been extracted based on the relationship between social crises and essence of state. Data collection has been done by documentary method, and data analysis by historical method. The results showed that social crises accumulation in Iran and attitude of social forces towards centralism to overcome the crises of society have paved the way for a weak society and a maximal state in Iran.    

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In this study, we have investigated Sam battles; the hero of Sam Nameh; applying structural research methodology. To this goal, at first , the collection of battles have been categorized in five agents such as subject , battle’s motif , battle adversary, adjuvants , and the results of battle. Then, by summarizing table data, we reached nine total conclusions related to the battle’s structure of this poems. At the next step, by reducing these nine conclusions, we obtained three general formula. The main function of Sam nameh hero’s battles is to highlight an exaggerated hero who is always victorious. In a non-linear study and regarding sender / motif pairs, the progress of battles is separable. The first class includes hero’s battles from beginning of the story till his departure to the land of Shadad A’d and then his battles with the king of china and his army by the motif of love.    
Second class has been devoted to the collection of hero’s battles with regard to religious motifs and other marginal factors. Also, Sam Nameh hero’s is an independent actant who do not obey any king. Considering this fact and absence of no national motif , it is possible to say that Sam Nameh is not an epic work , rather this is a love story whose poet intervention in order to shape a an affected discourse has made it an exclusive work with special structures. 

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Paul Simpson is one of the researchers who have worked in the field of stylistics and critical linguistics. One of the topics which he has studied systematically is the “point of view.” In his opinion, point of view is related to the degree of narrator’s interference in the act of narration. It has three dimensions: (1) spatial; (2) temporal; and (3) psychological. The writer or narrator unites these items through modality. Furthermore, focusing on modality, Simpson introduces his narrative model which includes nine different points of view. In this model, he incorporates Genet’s discussion on four points of view and also the model of Uspensky and Fowler. Simpson believes that by studying the three spatial, temporal, and psychological dimensions of the point of view, we can reach at its ideological dimension.

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Research subject: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the degree of compatibility of research topics in the field of chemical engineering in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz with Iran and the world. Also, prominent engineering issues in the field of chemistry have been identified.
Research approach: The research is considered a type of scientometric applied studies. The statistical population is made up of researches related to the field of chemical engineering in the Web of Science database. Taking into account the key words of sources that were extracted from the Web of Science database, the information was transferred to the PreMap program and by applying restrictions, the terms were unified for all three files of the world, Iran and Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. In order to check the thematic alignment, the clustering method was done with VOSviewer software. The index of structural similarity of subjects has also been used to determine the level of research alignment.
Main results:The researchers have searched for the subject areas of the chemical engineering department in Shahid Chamran University, Iran and the world. With the percentage of structural similarity, it was found that over time, the subjects of chemical engineering in Shahid Chamran University have aligned with Iran and the world, as well as Iran with the world, but the percentage of alignment with the world is low. To increase the alignment of chemical engineering subjects, platforms for sharing information and learning can be created for students, professors, researchers and experts in the field of chemical engineering. Also, a comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluating research processes, including their alignment with leading research institutions, can provide research policymakers with valuable insights to improve research policies and foster scientific and technological innovation.
 

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Background: Treatment of infections caused by metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a major healthcare-associated concern. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to ascertain antibiotic resistance patterns and prevalence of MBL genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Materials & Methods:   In total, 90 non-repetitive clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from clinical specimens of patients who referred to Amir Al-Momenin hospital in Zabol, southeast of Iran, from January 2019 to November 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined according to CLSI guidelines. Combined disk test (CDT) was used to detect MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates. MBL genes (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaNDM, and blaSPM) were detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method.
Findings: The isolates were mostly resistant to ceftriaxone (51.1%, 46 of 90) and gentamicin (43.3%, 39 of 90). Based on CDT results, 89.4% (17 of 19) of carbapenem-resistant isolates were MBL positive. In addition, MBL genes including blaVIM, blaIMP, and blaNDM were detected in 20% (18 of 90), 8.9% (8 of 90), and 5.6% (5 of 90) of the isolates, respectively.
Conclusions: Based on this study findings, the use of ceftriaxone and gentamicin should be restricted. In addition, MBL genes (blaVIM and blaIMP) seem to play a crucial role in the spread of carbapenem-resistant infections and the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates, leading to antibiotic treatment failure.

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This study was designed and performed to evaluate the effect of using the active edible coating of sodium alginate containing different levels of rosemary extract on physicochemical and microbial properties of silver carp-chicken fillet mixed burger during storage. 5 treatments including uncoated burgers (control) with sodium alginate coating enriched with levels of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of rosemary extract were considered. Burgers were stored at -18 ° C for 3 months. Results showed that the use of sodium alginate coating significantly decreased the percentage of burger cooking drop. Enrichment of sodium alginate coating with different levels of rosemary extract improved its performance (P<0.05). The lowest total microbial count, psychrophilic bacteria count, TVN, PV and TBA were observed in coated burgers containing 1.5% of rosemary extract (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the performance of coatings containing levels of 1 and 1.5% of rosemary extract in decreasing TBA. Thus it is possible to use the active edible coating of sodium alginate containing 1.5% of rosemary extract to delay bacterial and oxidative spoilage of silver carp-chicken fillet burgers during a 3-month storage period at -18 ° C used.

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Cultural conceptualizations show the ways of thinking and world view of a linguistic community toward the phenomena. The study of the conceptualizations leads to the profound understanding of the relevant cultures, facilitate cross cultural interactions, and remove cultural misunderstandings. This research, using the descriptive – analytical method, tries to study cultural conceptualizations in Zazomahroo Bakhtiari Dialect and describe their cultural origins. Regarding to nomadic and rural lifestyle of the people living in the region and their direct contact to the nature, the natural elements and phenomena provide a basis for cultural conceptualizations. Statistical population is 500 of the death-related phrases, expression, lamentations and proverbs which are used in this dialect. Data have been collected by field study and through interview and inquiry. The results of the studying and analysing of the data show that the origins of the cultural conceptualizations lie in the nomadic and rural lifestyle, people’s beliefs and ideas, the physiological effects of death-related feelings and emotions on body organs and people’s imaginations toward death. This lifestyle leads to the direct contact to the nature; therefore, the violent aspects of the nature phenomena are used as a concrete domain in conceptualizing of abstract concept of “death”. Death cultural conceptualizations such as “north wind, flood, avalanche, thunder and lightning” or “extinguishing of the fire, falling of one’s gravel or collapsing of the tent column” are due to the inspiration of the natural phenomena and rural-nomadic lifestyle. 

1. Introduction
 
Cultural linguistics studies the relationship between the language and culture and their interactions on each other; Language is the subcategory of the culture that reflect the different features of the culture. Cultural conceptualizations are linguistic tools that reflect the abstract concepts of language, by using the cultural elements of the society such as religious traditions, beliefs, lifestyle, and imaginations of speakers. Cultural elements of various societies are different; therefore, the study of the conceptualizations creates opportunities for speakers to understand culture-specific differences and to better realize the different cultures. On the other hand, culture is the invisible heritage of each society and the study of cultural conceptualizations helps the culture to be protected. 
Bakhtiari Dialect is one of the dialects of Persian that is spoken in the center and south west of Iran and this dialect has different variants. One of these variants is spoken in Zazomahro region which is located in the south east of Lorestan Province. This is a mountainous region and people have a rural and nomadic lifestyle. This lifestyle provides the use of nature in producing conceptualizations. In this study, some examples of culture-specific conceptualizations have been studied that show the effect of  lifestyle and the continuous contact with nature and the effect of the natural elements on human are important factors in reflecting the conceptualizations in language and instantiate the human experiences in language. Therefore, the role of natural elements can be studied in conceptualization of “death” and the relevant of rural and nomadic lifestyle can be determined in cultural conceptualizations. In this research we are trying to find the answer to this question: “how are the conceptualizations of death realized and instantiated in Bakhtiari Dialect”.  We can say that because the lifestyle can have effect on language, the conceptualization of death can be instantiated by using the natural elements which have a great role in rural and nomadic lifestyle.
 
2. Literature Review
Theoretical framework of this research is cultural linguistics. Cultural linguistics has two kinds of framework: theoretical and analytical. The foundation of theoretical framework is cultural cognition and the foundation of analytical framework is “cultural categories, cultural schema and cultural metaphors”. Cultural linguistics uses these tools to show the relationship between language and cultural conceptualizations. Human beings represent their experiments through these conceptualizations and they are different among different cultures.
The present research is analysed through the cultural schema. Cultural schema are conceptual framework which are shared between cultural groups heterogeneously ( Sharifian, 2011,p24).  Cultural schemas (and subschemas) capture beliefs, norms, rules, and expectations of behaviour as well as values relating to various aspects and components of experience (sharifian, 2017). Cultural schemas that provide a ground for pragmatic meaning are called cultural pragmatic schema which reflect specific speech acts in different situations. Sharifian (2017) represents a pragmatic set for cultural pragmatic schema including cultural pragmatic schema, speech act/event, pragmeme and pract. They have a hierarchy relationship. Therefore, the correct interpretation of practs needs the knowledge of underlying pragmatic schema, speech acts/ events and pragmemes. Sharifian (2017) represents the following example for pragmeme- pract set:
Pragmeme: [Greeting ti a new employee]
Pract: [ nice to have you with us]
It should be said that cultural pragmatic schema produce speech acts and speech acts produce special pragmemes which are realized as different practs.
 
 
3. methodology
This research has been done on the basis of the analytical-descriptive method. The statistical population is the expression, idioms, proverbs and the elegies that are used in this dialect. Data were collected by field study, using interviewing, and attending among people and taking part in different ceremonies. 17 people between 45 and 70 were interviewed, 10 men and 7 women. Different linguistic research methods were used including conceptual-associative analysis, corpus approach, and conceptual text/visual analysis. Data were divided into two general categories, data related to natural elements and data related to human body. Next, these data divided to subcategories. Then, the data that were related to the conceptualizations of death were analysed and interpreted.
 
4. Results
The findings of the present research show that the rural-nomadic lifestyle, environmental conditions, beliefs, ideas, imaginations and conceptions of people have a role in producing cultural conceptualizations. Due to the role of the nature in the life of the people in this region and their continuous contact with the nature, many of the conceptualizations relevant to the death are inspired by the natural phenomena. Among the natural phenomena, those which have destructive, threatening and dreadful power, have a stronger role in cultural conceptualization. Lightning, flood, wind, storm, snow-slide and fire that have destructive and dreadful effect, are used in cultural conceptualizations in this region. People of this region use these dreadful natural phenomena as a concrete domain to represent the concept of death as an abstract domain and the cultural conceptualizations of death can be represented as “death is the north wind, death is the flood, death is a snow-slide, death is a lightning” or “death is the putting out the fire, death is the falling of the gravel, and death is the collapsing of the column of the black tent”.  People’s beliefs on nature and its phenomena also have a role in producing the cultural conceptualizations. For example, they conceptualize the death as “melting the star of a person” because they believe that every person has a star in the sky, when a person dies, their star becomes melted and disappears.  The rural and nomadic lifestyle has also a role in producing cultural conceptualization. For example, the conceptualizing “death as going” has a root in the style of their life as nomadic people are travelling all the time to find a good place for feeding their animals. Another conceptualization of the death is “giving one’s life to the other person”. This conceptualization has a root in their religious beliefs, saying that the death is not the end of the life but is changing from one form to the other. Altogether, the lifestyle, nature and its phenomena, people’s beliefs toward the death form a conceptual basis for producing cultural conceptualization of the death in Zazomahroo Region.

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There is not enough information about postharvest physiological behavior and optimum storage temperature of cultivated persimmons in Karaj region of Iran. In this study, persimmon fruit, cv. Karaj, was harvested at mature stage and was treated with hot waters at 45 and 50°C for 20, 30 and 45 min. Besides, one lot of fruit was bathed at 25°C for 30 min as control treatment. The physiological behaviors of treated fruits were monitored during 4 months storage at 0, 2 and 5°C. Results showed that severity of symptoms, such as; skin browning index, fruit softening, fungal disease incidence and loss of color indices (L*, a*, b*), were higher in storage at 2 and 5°C than storage at 0°C. Therefore, ʻKarajʼ persimmon was tolerant to 0°C for storing purpose. On the other hand, hot water treatments at 45°C for 30 and 45 min and 50°C for 20 min maintained fruit firmness and color properties, and controlled disease incidence better than that of control and hot water treatment at 45°C for 20 min. However, hot water treatment at 50°C for 30 and 45 min, in spite of maintaining suitable colour properties, contrary with other effective treatments caused to fruit skin browning and had notociable fungal disease. Therefore, hot water treatments at 45°C for 30 and 45 min and 50°C for 20 min are the recommendable treatments for increasing postharvest life of Karaj persimmon.  

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Gypsiferous soils occur in xeric, ustic, and aridic moisture regimes. Environmental conditions affect the mode of gypsum formation. Gypsiferous soils in Fars Province, southern Iran, are found in piedmont plains, flood plains, and alluvial plains. The objective of this work was to investigate the micromorphology of gypsum crystals formed under different soil moisture regimes. The results indicate that lenticular crystals of gypsum have been frequently found in more developed soils, whereas under aridic soil moisture regime such form is rare and they are frequently found in the subsurface horizons. Columnar, prismatic, and blade forms of gypsum are found in areas with aridic moisture regime, where soils are highly leached. Formation of gypsum pendant under gravels is dominant in piedmont plains with limited moisture in the profile. Complex gypsum crystals were found in low rainfall regions. It seems that surface runoff, as well as hydrological system of the region, transfers gypsum from geological sediments in higher elevations to coarse-textured soils of flood plains. In landscapes with xeric and xeric-aridic soil moisture regimes, lenticular, euhedral and subhedral crystals of gypsum were abundant. The results of this study indicate that, in addition to soil moisture, texture and landscape position play a significant role in the formation of pedogenic gypsum. Well crystallized gypsum was observed in soils with silt loam, sandy loam, and loamy texture. Observation of gypsic horizons suggests that the accumulation of gypsum took place under per descendum process in the soils studied.

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The Parthian and Sasanid sites of Valiran are situated in the suburbs of Damavand, a city in the east of Tehran. The discovery of burials along with the cereal and animal remains have made the situation apt for investigation of the pale diet. This research aimed at investigating the nutritional condition of the ancient inhabitants of Valiran site in Parthian period in order to understand the ancient geographical situation in the mentioned region. XRF method was used to analyz the archaeological skeletons.

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Q fever is a worldwide disease with is common between humans and livestock. This disease is created by an obligate intracellular Rickettsia called Coxiella burnetii. This study was conducted to identify the amount of C.burnetii prevalence in the raw Sheep milk in Khorramabad and its surrounding towns. In this cross-sectional study (from Spring 2013 to Winter 2013), 72 Sheep milk samples were collected Randomly. These samples were tested for the presence of C. burnetii by the Nested PCR method. In this survey, number 15 out of 72 (20.83%) sheep milk samples were positive for C. burnetii. The prevalence of C. burnetii varied during different seasons The analysis of the collected data in different seasons and areas revealed that, more than 79/16 percent of the samples were negative and about 20.82 percent were positive in terms of C.burnetii presence. It can be concluded from this study the season and the region of sample collecting affects the amount of bacteria exerted, and that Sheep milk can be one of the potential sources of C. burnetii in Iran.