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There are different ways in Russian language to express prohibition and caution. Choosing the suitable aspect of the verb (perfective or imperfective) in each of these structures shall be based on specific lexical and grammatical considerations that may change the semantics of sentences. Since the category of verbal aspect does not exist in Persian language (as in Russian), the Iranian students often find it hard to choose the right aspect of Russian verbs. This article attempts to provide a classification of different prohibitive and cautioning structures in Russian language and examine the role of verbal aspect in each of them in order to find the most appropriate lexical and grammatical structures that can express these semantics in Persian. The subject seems further promising due to this fact that some of these structures in both Russian and Persian languages do not use a negative imperative verb, rather they express the desired semantics through other syntactic methods.

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The growing trend of local conflicts within the national space of countries and between the political-administrative realms raises this issue that on what factors and foundations are such conflicts and tensions are based and what mechanism do they follow? Although fundamental differences and contradictions in various spatial -geographical, social, cultural and ethnic, historical, political, etc are the basis of many internal tensions and conflicts in countries, the method of management and political organization of the space in the form of civil divisions is one of the most important factors intensifying or reducing these conflicts. Therefore, in this research, using the descriptive-analytic method and relying on library resources, the most important causes and sources of tension and conflict among political-administrative realms within countries are discussed. The results showed that factors such as the pattern of political management of national space, changes in borders and boundaries of the administrative divisions, natural and cultural heterogeneity in divided units, unbalanced development of political -administrative units, the geography of power and support participation, local competitions, electoral constituency, place senses of units and the resulting identity effects, unbalanced shapes and sizes of divided units, border disputes and environmental issues are the most important factors in creating tension and conflict among political -administrative realms. All of these factors are in a systematic relationship and their interactions will intensify conflicting interests and diverge and eventually create tensions and conflicts among the political -administrative realms.

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Background and objective: VEP is a powerful method to study visual system via evaluating evoked potentials. Technologic and instrumental restrictions may be the reason of having studies on optical modulation and induction such as color, spatial frequency and contrast. Developments of computer software and hardware may lead to an increase in the flexibility of pattern designs. Material and methods: Visual psychophysical principles of color, spatial frequency and contrast was used to design patterns. Using the Delphi 5 package. Recording system and pattern reversing were synchronized by a software and some hardware components including an A/D, monostable and an extension Board. A trigger signal from a VEP system was used to change optical properties of patterns according to a definite algorithm. Results and conclusion: All of the optical parameters such as color, spatial frequency and contrast that have influence on visual evoked potentials can be changed independently or in an interactive manner by means of user friendly multiple windows and logical methods. Therefore, optical modulation and induction are made possible by this system. Temporal, spatial and contrast modulation can be carried out independently or dependently with a trigger signal from a VEP system. Dynamic interaction of optical parameters shows new horizons on VEP studies.

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Aims: People's experiences of home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic are essential to maximize its prevention and minimize its negative effects on families and society to better understand public needs and concerns. This study was aimed to explore the lived experiences of home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iranian families.
Participants & Methods: This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Participants were 34 residents of Guilan province, north of Iran, who had experienced living in-home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling and the method of data collection was semi-structured interviews. All data were recorded and transcribed and thematically analyzed based on Colaizzi proposed steps. To ensure the rigor of the data, the 4-item scale was used, which includes dependability, credibility, confirmability, and data transferability.
Findings: Four main themes were extracted from data analysis; "emerging experiences" such as the emergence of new habits, compulsory rest, paying more attention to spirituality, "anxious days" such as constant anxiety, trapped in a cage, and increased tensions at home, "in contrasting of fear and hope" such as simultaneously positive and negative emotions, and being engaged with true and false news, and "in financial strait" such as the need to buy expensive personal protective equipment, low wages, and forced to the sale of personal belongings.
Conclusion: The Iranian society experienced various consequences in its social life, economic situation, and psychological condition during the home quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic, which should be considered by the country's health officials and decision-makers.

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Aims: COVID-19 has harmed people's lives and efforts are being made to speed up vaccinations. The growing problem of vaccine uncertainty may affect the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. The objectives of this study were to examine the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.
Materials & Methods: From July 3 to September 25, 2021, we conducted a web-based, cross-sectional study among the citizens of Ardabil with a snowball sampling strategy under a highly restricted environment. A questionnaire was designed and filled out by 768 participants through social media and email. Associations between COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and determinants were explored using the chi-squared test. Key determinants that predict vaccine acceptance among respondents were modeled through logistic regression analysis.
Findings: Of the 932 survey invitees, 768 responded to the questionnaire (response rate, 82.4%). The majority (55.2%) of the study participants were female. Of the 768 respondents, 486 (63.2%) showed interest to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. Willingness to get the vaccine is relatively high among older age groups (59.4% among 40+ year old), being married (56.9%), and city dwellers participants (83.09%). In multivariate model, respondents who were above 40 years (OR: 0.7; 95% CI:0.5-0.94), and married (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.97-2.09) were significantly associated with vaccine acceptance (p<0.05). Besides, people having trust in the health system and vaccine were most likely to accept the vaccine (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.01-1.56), and those having a higher perceived risk of acquiring infection were 4.83 times (OR: 4.83; 95% CI: 3.78-6.17) higher odds of accepting the vaccine.
Conclusion: Our study identified religious/personal beliefs and risk perceptions as the most important predictors that would be affecting COVID-19 vaccine uptake.
 

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Objective: Occult hepatitis B infection is a form of hepatitis in which despite of absence of detectable HBsAg, HBV-DNA is present in peripheral blood of patients. This clinical form of B hepatitis creates some problems for the Iranian blood transfusion services. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation of status of occult hepatitis B infection in the Rafsanjanese blood donors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, total of 3700 blood donor samples were collected and tested for HBsAg and anti-HBs using ELISA. The HBsAg negative and anti-HBc positive samples were selected and screened for HBV-DNA using PCR. Results: Results of current study indicated that 352 (9.5%) of 3700 blood samples were HBsAg– and anti-HBc+. HBV-DNA was detected in 57 (16.1% of HBsAg– and anti-HBc+ and 1.54% of total samples) samples. Conclusion: Results of this study are in agreement with our previous studies in the prevalence of OBI. Therefore, it seems that occult hepatitis B infection rate is high in the Iranian blood donors and probably is one of the main causes of post-transfusion hepatitis.

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Regional impact studies of the future climate change effects are necessary because projected changes in meteorological variables differ from one region to another, and different climate systems can react in varied ways to the same changes. In this study, the effects of climate change on bioclimatic deficiency were compared in two cultivation methods (irrigated and rainfed) in a semi-arid region, Ahar (East Azarbaijan, IRAN). The agricultural land uses selected for evaluation were wheat (Triticum aestivum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and maize (Zea mays). In this way, Terraza model included in the land evaluation decision support system, called MicroLEIS DSS, was used. Terraza gives a quantitative prediction of a site bioclimatic deficiency. Soil morphological and analytical data were obtained from 44 sampling points based on a grid survey. Agro-climatic data, referred to temperature and precipitation, were collected from weather stations located in Ahar region, which benefits from more than 20 consecutive years of weather data. A future scenario of climate change was calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on regions of Asia under scenario A1FI (highest future emission) for 2080s. Although, increasing of precipitation being available by climate change in the future scenario, humidity index will be reduced because of high temperature. The results showed that climate change is likely to cause severe water stress in irrigated cultivation of alfalfa, sugar beet, potato, and maize, the use of irrigation methods being essential to maintain agricultural productivity. Although irrigation is indicated as very important in this regime of semi-arid agriculture, cultivation of rainfed wheat can be possible instead of the irrigated one. Also, it is revealed that climate perturbation effects on rainfed conditions are more serious than those on the irrigated conditions in the area.

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In this paper, a new high dynamic range Digitally-Controlled Oscillator (DCO) for All-DPLL systems is proposed. The proposed DCO is based on using a ΔΣ modulator as a Digital-to-Analog converter. Using ΔΣ DAC can provide a very high resolution (18-bit) control on the DCO. The ΔΣ DAC output is a 2-level pulse signal that needs to be filtered for cancelling the out of band shaped noise. The used ΔΣ modulator is a 4^th order MASH ΔΣ modulator working with the OSR of 128 and the sampling frequency of 450MHz. the proposed DCO is used in a PLL to synthesize the frequency in the range of 1700MHz to 1800MHz for GSM-1800 application. The achieved phase noise for this PLL based synthesizer in whole the range is -115 dBc/Hz at the offset frequency of 500 kHz. The designed ADPLL including the DCO is simulated in ADS with 0.18µm CMOS technology.

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The potassium pools of five major physiographic units of Urmia region in Western Azarbaijan Province were studied to investigate the distribution of K forms as a function of clay mineralogy and physiographic units. For this, soil samples from different horizons of ten pedons were selected and analyzed for physiochemical properties, mineralogy of clay fraction, and forms of K. Analyses of XRD revealed that the soils are similar in their clay mineralogy, consisting of illite, smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite, but with different in contents. Illite was higher in the Piedmont Plains (PP) followed by Plateaux (Pl), River Alluvial Plains (RAP), Colluvial Alluvial Plains (CAP), and Lowlands (LL) units, whereas a higher content of smectite was observed available in the Pl followed by PP, LL, RAP, and CAP units. Several such simultaneous processes as mineral weathering and soil forming, biocycling processes, and geomorphologic conditions had resulted in significant difference in K forms in the soils studied. A wide variation in total K (HF-extractable K) (0.54-1.1%), non-exchangeable K (280-450 mg kg-1), and exchangeable K (217-330 mg kg-1) were recorded among different physiographic units. Statistically significant differences (P≤ 0.05) were observed in the levels of mineral K, HNO3-extractable K, and non-exchangeable K in soils of high illite (30-50%) as compared with those of low illite contents (10-30%). A highly significant positive relationship was recorded between total K and illite content (r2= 0.85, P 0.001) and as well between non-exchangeable K and illite contents (r2= 0.84, P 0.001) suggesting that these pools of K are mainly released from the frayed edges and wedge zones of illite. The soils were categorized into two major groups based on the physiographic unit's assertion and soil solution K content: first group comprised of Pl and PP units while the second group of RAP, CAP, and LL units.

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This paper presented a theoretical model to investigate steady plastic shock wave on FCC metals. The method included shear flow stress according to effective parameters and based on microstructure and dynamics of dislocation method. The aim of this paper was to achieve final relation between shear stress and plastic stretch with presenting constitutive equations for shock loading. Then, Shear flow stress to effective plastic strain was plotted with solving final relation between shear flow stress and plastic stretch. Presented constitutive equations were based on loading under one dimensional strain and were validated just for shock loadings. The main innovation of this investigation included using from energy constitutive law with considering entropy generation rate. Entropy generation rate expressed as dislocation generation, dislocation annihilation and dislocation glide. Also, the effect of shock velocity, total stretch and input stress according to plastic stretch were investigated. Furthermore, shock structure was investigated according to different input stresses. Maximum input stress was 25 GPa. Relations and diagrams were verified with published experimental works on Al 6061 alloy. Good agreement was found between presented model and experimental works.

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  Transferor’s duty to make the receiver capable of using subject matter of the contract (i.e., technology) is an essential element of the purpose of the contract. For this reason, the duty to transfer shall be treated as an essential contractual duty of the transferor. With due consideration of the general principles of contract law, usage employed in the market of technology transaction and relevant laws of certain countries actively engaged in this market, a number of significant results come into view. First, this obligation constitutes the core of the transferor’s contractual obligations. Second, this duty shall be regarded as an implied term, which does not need to be agreed in express. Third, to perform this undertaking, the transferor shall also be impliedly obliged to warrant the sufficiency and adequacy of the technology. Analysing the warranty obligation shows that only some parts of this duty shall be treated as implied term, and the others need to be agreed by the parties in express. Furthermore, the present study shows that the receiver’s main concurrent obligation is to pay money in exchange for the duty to transfer. This obligation can be performed in three methods: lump sump payment, running royalty payment, and a combination these two. When the second method is used, it will serve the receiver because it will correlate the transferor’s interests into efficient performance of the technology. In addition, duty of confidentiality, territorial restriction, defence of the aggrieved party against any party’s rights and claims are further obligations imposed on the parties under this contract, though it would be difficult to treat them as the main contractual obligations.    
  * Corresponding Author’s E-mail: sadegh_m@modares.ac.ir

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In Muslim rhetoric, there are some debates about the way odes are composed. One of the debates among poets and critics is a narrative that contains specific instructions for composing an ode. That is, poets must go through certain steps to compose a beautiful ode. According to the instructions, poets should first think about the meaning and then choose a suitable meter and rhyme. Finally, they are to correct and confirm the poems. This study attempts to find out what the philosophical basis of this method of writing poems is. The study concludes that this foundation has its roots in Aristotle's theory of language mentioned in Organon and Peri Hermeneias.
Extended abstract
Composing ode in the Arabic language and literature dates back to the pre-Islamic period. The poets of the Jahili period were familiar with the ode and used it to speak on various subjects. In Jahili period, the ode system was an institution that produced thoughts and expressed the meaning of the Jahili world through visual and rhythmic language.
As a rule, any theory about poetry is supported by a philosophy. One theory of poetry that is valid in the Islamic world is the theory of Abu Hilal Askari presented in Al-Sana’atein. Askari believes that poets should first think about the meaning they want to convey and then choose the rhyme and complete their poems. According to him, poets should go through five steps to compose a good poem: 1) deciding to write a poem; 2) preparing the meanings in their minds; 3) choosing a meter for the prepared meanings; 4) choosing an appropriate rhyme; and 5) composing and editing the written poem.
Abu Hilal’s philosophical ideas about writing a poem have not been well received so far. This may be because he is considered a member of a literary school rather than a member of a theological school. This study attempts to elucidate the philosophical underpinnings of some of the poetics popular among Muslim rhetoricians. However, it has its roots in the ideas of Aristotle. The study attempts to answer the question: Where are the philosophical roots of the theory that specifies a method of poetic writing known in the Islamic world?
It is noteworthy that Aristotle drastically influenced the Islamic world, so researchers cannot simply ignore his presence even if it seems that he cannot have any influence. In any case, researchers should be careful and recognize his probable impact. Aristotle’s Organon contains a theoretical discussion of the nature and function of language. This prompts researchers to consider Aristotle’s role in poetry writing methods. Aristotle includes four elements in his considerations: Sensual passivity, speech, writing, and external reality. It should be mentioned here that for Aristotle, words are representatives of the soul's inactivity. Comparing and contrasting Aristotle’s ideas and Abu Hilal Askari’s views on writing poetry make some things clear. Aristotle discusses sensual passivity and its representative (i.e., the word) in the methods of writing poetry. Muslim rhetoricians also speak of two elements corresponding to each other or one representing the other: the first is “meaning” and the other is “meter and rhyme”." Askari emphasizes that poets should first prepare the meanings in their minds and then consider how to deal with these meanings and choose a rhyme suitable for them. This means that poets cannot choose any meter or rhyme for any meaning, just as Aristotle said that poets should choose the words that represent sensual inactivity, not the words that lack such capabilities. The mentioned correspondence between Aristotle's theory and the theory of Muslim rhetoricians in this regard can be presented as follows:
Sensual passives → Vocabulary (special)
Meanings → Meter and rhyme
It can be concluded that Aristotle’s ideas about language, words and meanings were the origin for part of the poetic theory of the Muslims in the Islamic world.

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Designing breeding programs for winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars with improved seed and oil yields requires information about the genetic variability of traits. In this study, 28 winter rapeseed cultivars were evaluated for genetic variation and relationships between 11 agro-morphological characters during 2010 and 2011. Cultivars and cultivar × year interaction showed significant variation for all studied traits. Genotypic coefficients of variation indicated that yield, number of branches per plant, and plant height had the highest variation. Broad sense heritability estimates ranged from 6% to 87% for seed yield and pod length, respectively. Positive correlation was found between seed yield with number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, days to flowering, and days to ripening. The result of factor analysis showed three independent factors that explained 71% of the total variability, which were named ‘productivity’, ‘phenology and oil’, and ‘pod length’, respectively. According to the first factor, RGS003, Opera, and Hayola were identified as high seed yielding cultivars. Based on all three factors, Lilian, Licord, and Ella were identified as the best cultivars concerning seed yield and oil content. 

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Patent troll is a non-practicing entity in domain of inventions which obtain patent ownership without any intention of using it. Patent trolls buy their favored invention and waiting for its infringement from other companies. After infringement and commercializing of the patent, in order to transfer license and its royalty, patent trolls threat companies with litigation. These entities initially were formed and have their central core in United States due to the traits of American system of inventions. Although some lawyers believe that trolls are useful by increasing inventors' motivation and providing capital for them, they have also some negative effects. These drawbacks force legislators and judicial system to pass new legislations and to introduce new ways of redress in related disputes, in order to decreasing or limiting patent trolls activities.
In this paper, the concept of patent trolls is defined and explained and its positive and negative effects are illustrated.

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Patent troll is a non-practicing entity in the domain of inventions, which obtains patent ownership without any intention of using it. Patent trolls buy their favored invention and waits for its infringement from other companies. After infringement and commercializing of the patent, in order to transfer the license and its royalty, the patent trolls threat companies with litigation. These entities initially were formed and have their central core in the United States due to the traits of the American system of inventions. Although some lawyers believe that trolls are useful by increasing inventors' motivation and providing capital for them, they have also some negative effects. These drawbacks force the legislators and judicial systems to pass new legislations and introduce new ways of redress in the related disputes in order to decreasing or limiting the patent trolls’ activities.In this paper, the concept of patent trolls is defined and explained, and its positive and negative effects are illustrated.

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Thermal spraying is economical and rapid coating process that creates a rough and clean surface. As a result it can be used for applying the interlayer in transient liquid phase bonding. In the present study, transient liquid phase bonding Al 2024 to Ti-6Al-4V was investigated using brass interlayer, where the interlayer was Cu-Zn foil Cu-Zn thermal spray coat on Al substrate, respectively. The results show that by using thermal spray coat as interlayer, because of the formation of different defects that can be considered as diffusion channels, diffusion potential of Ti and Al becomes higher at the interface. It is concluded that the mechanism of bonding formation involves the diffusion of Cu into Al and Ti base materials and formation of TiAl، TiAl، Cu₂ Al and AlCuMg phases and also diffusion of Cu through Al grain boundaries and formation of eutectic phases across the grain boundaries. The formation of these intermetallic phases was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Dissolution of the base metals in the joint area and the isothermal solidification process of the thermal sprayed interlayer is more and faster than the foil interlayer. The joint with thermal spray brass coat as interlayer, gives higher shear strength of 25 MPa in comparison with the case of using brass foil as interlayer (14.6 MPa). The decrease in bond strength can be attributed to aggregation and growth of the brittle intermetallics near the joint interface due to lower diffusion potential of Ti and Al in the joint zone.

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In this paper authors have tried to evaluate the necessity of enactment of Art. 44 of Patents Registration and Industrial Designs and Trademarks  and tradenames 2007  i.e. quality control in trademark licenses.According to the article failure to perform quality control results in invalidation of trademark license.Philosophy behind this regulation would be trademark distinctiveness for consumers and importance of preventing confusion and misleading of consumers. According to our comparative study of different countries ”s legislations,  despite majority ”s disagreement whit this kind of regulation, minorities ”s  positions (like Iran and USA) is more reasonable and accurate as have been accepted by WIPO.This article ”s results show that the Art. 44 is an appropriate policy for Iran as a developing country. However this regulation should be amended especially in relation to merchandising trademark licenses, because in this kind of licenses, consumers  usually do not expect quality control form trademark holder.Lastly authors, having in mind draft law of protecting industrial property, suggested appropriate article for protection of consumers and effective commitment of licensors to quality control .

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Under articles 37 and 48 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the seller is entitled to cure the lack of conformity of the goods due to specific circumstances. The same legal establishment has been accepted in the Article 7-1-4 0f the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC).
Anticipating the seller’s right to cure, one controversial issue raised is the status of the buyer's right to avoidance. Subsequently, the question arisen is whether the seller's right to cure is prior or the buyer's right to avoidance. While there are various interpretations of Article 48 leading to disagreements, in UPICC, the buyer has no right to avoidance in case of seller’s cure under Article 7-1-4. Similarly, according to general principals including Article 478 of the Civil Code in Iranian legal system, the buyer has no right to terminate if the seller is ready to cure.
To conclude, we can say the seller’s right to cure from the perspective of the doctrine, judicial precedent, legal and economic analysis has priority over buyer’s right to avoidance.