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Passive Nihilism in “Boof e koor” By: Dr. Sayed Kazem Moosavi Fatemeh Homayoon Abstract: Nihilism in the beginning part of “boof e koor” and its similarity with Nietzsche’s nihilism is an issue that has already been explored by writers of this paper. Despite the fact that Nietzsche’s influence is not deniable in Hedayat’s work, this nihilism radically different from what Nietzsche recognizes as “active nihilism” and is realized in Zarathustra. The distinction between the Narrator and Zarathustra can be investigated in the second part of “Boof e koor”, which is in fact the practical nihilism of this book. This paper unearths the similarity and distinction dimensions between Zarathustra and the Narrator of Boof e koor and explores “passive nihilism” especially in second part of this book. The paper also argues that although the Narrator has mentally reviewed Nietzsche’s argument, he approves of it, and, in the first part, thinks about killing the celestial girl; this girl's deep influence - that is in fact a realization of the extraterrestrial world- and narrator's passion deter him from being able to practically obliterate influence of the prostitute’s presence, that is the social symbol of the celestial girl, from his life.

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Background: Global warming and climate change are widely indicated as important phenomena in the 21st century that cause serious impacts on the global water resources. Changes in temperature, precipitation and evaporation are occurring in regions throughout the world, resulting in changes including, runoff, streamflow and groundwater regimes, reduced water quantity and quality.
Materials and Methods: Relying upon thirty years of base data (1965–1994), three global circulation models (GCM), namely GISS, GFDM and CCC, are utilized to assess impact of climate change to groundwater recharge rates between years 2010 to 2050 for the Guelph region of the Grand River Basin in Canada. The resulting groundwater recharge rates for alternative soil layers are used to assess water balance conditions, and ultimately, the percolation rate to the groundwater using the Visual-HELP model.
Results: While the climate change impact assessment indicates that evaporation will increase and percolation will decrease during summer, increased percolation is indicated in winter due to additional freeze/thaw dimensions of climate change. The net effect is that the impact of climate change, based upon use of GCM models, is expected to increase groundwater recharge rate by 10% on average (7% for CCC, 10.6% for GISS and 12% for GFDM) in future.                                  
Discussion and Conclusions: According to the results of this research in the Guelph region, the monthly average percolation rate is higher with climate change; (i) the percolation rate is increased during winter due to freeze/thaw effects, while (ii) it is decreased during summer due to higher evaporation rate.

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In recent years, extensive efforts have been done in developing new educational methods for teaching foreign language in order to increase the language learners' proficiency. This study aims to assess the role of the combined approach of the notional functional syllabus approach and the task-based approach for the purpose of "Arabic for the general aims" and "Arabic for the general academic aims". This assessment has been applied by investigating the required capabilities in learning two skills of speaking and listening in Arabic language by using the descriptive-analytical method. The most important result obtained from this study is that for having an effective communication with the speakers of foreign languages, the issue of linguistic knowledge and even full language input are not so much effective. The factors, which play a significant role in mastering the second languages, include: providing a conversational environment similar to the culture and community of its native speakers, making the process of learning functional and applicable, planning for the creative usage of language ability, and lastly, practical and continuous reproducing of language by the learners.

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and devastating disease that spreads rapidly and causes many economic damages. One of the important      methods for detection of FMD and particularly differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals, is the use of non-structural proteins as antigens in ELISA kits. The purpose of this study was cloning of the gene sequence and expression of the antigenic regions of 3D nonstructural protein as one of the diagnostic options. For amplification of the antigenic regions of FMD virus 3D protein, specific primers containing NdeI and EcoRI restriction sites were designed and the polymerase chain reaction was performed. The sequences cut by these two enzymes, were inserted into PET21a+ vectors. The recombinant plasmids were then transformed into E. coli (DH5α). Colony-PCR tests and enzymatic digestions were performed on the resulting colonies and the presence of the target gene was confirmed. The gene sequence was further confirmed after sequencing. For production of recombinant antigens, the recombinant vector was transferred to the expression host of E. coli-BL21. The bacteria containing the recombinant gene were induced with IPTG and the expression of the recombinant protein was confirmed using the SDS-PAGE method. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 24 kDa, and it can be used in the design of ELISA diagnostic kit.

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Aim: The purpose of this research is to formulate a program and design a suitable model for environmental monitoring of water quality in order to reduce the costs of water quality monitoring and evaluation in No.1 Zabol Chahnimeh.
Material & Methods: In this study eight sampling stations were selected in the bed of the reservoir No.1 in order to monitoring and measuring physical, chemical and microbial parameters. Sampling was conducted systematically on a month basis for one year. Then the data were analyzed with the help of multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and factor analysis.
Findings: Using multivariate statistical methods, No. 4, 5, 6 stations were selected as the main stations for sampling and factors of temperature, turbidity, DO, COD, magnesium, sodium, calcium, phosphate, chlorine, nitrite, sodium Absorption Ratio and pH was determined as the main water quality indicators. It was revealed that temperature, DO, nitrate and turbidity parameters should be sampled monthly, but the other parameters could be sampled periodically or even quarterly to model an optimal monitoring of water quality in reservoir No.1 during a year.
Conclusion: In general, the evaluation of the quality status of this valuable water resource by reducing the number of sampling stations, eliminating some unnecessary parameters and reducing the frequency of sampling completely and without defects and at a much lower cost is done for this reason, having the lowest costs and proper timing, management of the main reservoir will be possible considering all effective parameters.
 

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Objective: The aim of this study was to construct a pcDNA3.1+ vector containing FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007-VP1 gene, protein expression in BHKT7 cells and evaluation of immune response in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007 was isolated from a cattle in Ray in 2007 and serotyped. The purified VP1 gene was sub-cloned into the PTZ57R/T vector and pcDNA3.1+ expression vector. The PCR product of Vp1 gene without stop codon was sub-cloned upstream of EGFP gene into the pEGFP-N1 vector to evaluate VP1-GFP fusion protein expression. The pcDNA3.1-VP1 and pEGFP-VP1 vectors were transfected into BHKT7 cell line. The expression of VP1 protein was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, western blotting and florescent analysis of VP1-GFP fusion protein. The mice were injected subcutaneously by pcDNA3.1-VP1 vector as DNA vaccine and titration of neutralizing antiserum and T cell proliferation assay were done to evaluate the immune response. Results: Insertion of VP1 gene was confirmed by double digestion of sub-cloned PTZ57R/T, pcDNA3.1+ and pEGFP-N1 vectors. The specific band in western blotting was also confirmed the VP1 protein expression in BHKT7 cells. The expression of VP1-GFP fusion protein was observed under the immune-florescent inverted microscopy as more green florescent spots versus expression of GFP protein, alone. The neutralizing antiserum titer and T cell proliferation increased significantly in the group of mice vaccinated with pcDNA3.1+-VP1 vector verses control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the target gene was amplified, cloned in the cloning and expression vectors and protein expression was confirmed successfully. According to the confirmed VP1 protein expression and increasing neutralizing antiserum titer and T cell proliferation by pcDNA3.1+-VP1 vector (P<0.05), it can be used as DNA vaccine against FMDV type O/IRN/2007.

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Water is needed to providing proper hydration of membrane and its ionic conductivity in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, but excess water accumulation known as flooding phenomenon decreases the passing way of reactants in the GDL and reaction sites on catalyst layer and increases mass transport loss and leads to performance loss of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In the present work, the two-phase flow in the cathode channel of transparent polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with single serpentine flow field is visualized by direct optical imaging in unsteady and time averaged states. Then the water coverage length ratio and the average of water coverage length ratio are derived as a scale of water content of the cathode channel in the unsteady and time averaged states. In the unsteady and time averaged states, by increase the stoichiometry, decrease the relative humidity and inlet gases temperature in anode and cathode sides, the accumulated liquid water in the channels reduces. The effect of anode stoichiometry on the amount of water in the cathode channel in the unsteady and time averaged states is more than the cathode stoichiometry.

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In this paper, a cable actuated robot is introduced as a new rehabilitation approach. The quality improvement of human and machine interface has led to create a new device in this area. The interface between the robots with the physical characteristics of body can improve the interaction forces and the patient safety. Considering the joint compliance during the motion range can make the patient feel better and thus, bring success for the rehabilitation program. The key element "cable" makes the possibility of force transmission in this mechanism. Cable actuator is used in this project in order to achieve to maximum adaptation with elbow operation Moreover in the design of rehabilitation device, some advantages are regarded like the low-cost and light weight, smooth joint motion with adjustable stiffness, motor size reduction. The dynamic parameters related to the elbow behavior are described with amplitude and frequency investigating. The performance of the elbow rehabilitation device is examined. Stiffness variation of robot joint is effectively compatible with the elbow joint stiffness according to rehabilitation protocols. As the presented mechanism able to simulate elbow rehabilitation, it can be used more widely in the field of medical robotics.

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Iran is one of the main date palm producers in the world. Date waste was increased, so research around using date products such as syrup, sugar and spread was increased. In this study sucrose replaced with date syrup in Kooshab and physicochemical, rheological and organoleptic properties were studied during 6 months. In this study, various levels of sucrose and date syrup were used for the production of Kooshab, and their effects on physicochemical and sensory properties were studied during 6 months. The SPSS₁₉ software was used for analysis of the data, the statistical test being the Duncan’s test. According to results during 6 months acidity and Brix were constant. Nonalcoholic Kooshab in which the date syrup was used generally have a significant difference (p<0.05) in reducing sugar, color and viscosity with control sample. Samples with 75%, 50% and 25% date syrup have significantly difference with control sample in total sugar, however there was no significant difference between sample with 100% date syrup and control sample. According to sensory results, beverage with 75% date syrup exhibited the highest overall acceptability. Beverages which date syrup used instead of sugar have a desirable characteristic and indicate that substitution of sugar by date syrup didn’t leave any undesirable effects.

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These days the accurate estimation of seismic demand and capacity of structures are truly significant in the field of performance based earthquake engineering. Several methods exist to determine these parameters such as non-linear time history analysis and Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Because the history of seismic accelerogram records refers to the current century, in some areas there still exists no appropriate seismic record to perform the analyses; therefore in these cases we need to generate artificial accelerograms. In this paper a new combinational method is introduced to generate far-field artificial accelerograms using artificial neural network and wavelet packet transform (WPT) methods. In this method according to the geoseismic characteristics of the site and non-linear characteristics of the equivalent single degree of freedom (SDOF) system, several artificial accelerograms are generated. In order to consider the non-linear parameters to generate the accelerograms, IDA method is used. The values of intensity measure (IM) for all IDA curves are determined at specific levels of damage measure (DM) and are considered as the input data of the multilayer feed forward (MLFF) neural network. Accelerograms which are selected according to the geoseismic characteristics of the site are changed to standard forms and then decomposed using wavelet packet transform. The effective wavelet packet coefficients are selected according to an appropriate desired effective variance ratio of wavelet packet coefficient. Then, effective coefficient of each packet is considered as the output of a neural network. In order to enhance the efficiency of the network, principal components analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the number of the input data dimensions. In this paper neural network is trained by backpropagation algorithm as repetitive. After training the MLFF neural network, we should test the network for accelerograms not included in the training set. For this purpose we should use the IDA curve of each accelerogram out of the training set as the input of the neural network to generate the effective WPT coefficients. When a neural network is trained properly, we can now generate artificial accelerograms using a 50% fractile IDA curve as the input of the neural network. Adding a Gaussian random number to the output of each neuron in the neural network layers, we are able to generate several accelerograms according to 50% fractile IDA curve. In order to improve the condition of generated accelerograms according to 50% fractile IDA curve, a correction factor is used repeatedly for detail coefficients of discrete wavelet transform in jth level of generated accelerogram. Finally a SDOF system with perfectly elasto-plastic initial loading curve is used to show the efficiency of the proposed method to generate artificial accelerogram. The accuracy of this method depends on the accuracy of the trained neural networks. If the neural networks are trained appropriately with IDA curve, the generated accelerogram can estimate the IDA parameters of the SDOF system more properly. Also it is shown that suggested method can generate artificial accelerograms with frequency content almost close to the initial earthquake records.

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In this paper, the modeling and simulation of manipulation of carbon nanoparticles have been investigated. The geometry plays a significant role in the dynamic behavior of nanoparticles manipulation and the evaluation of different geometric shapes of nanoparticles in this process is very important. To examine the geometry effects, the manipulation of a different kind of the nano-carbon allotropes has been studied. Furthermore, the manipulation of carbon nanotubes with different diameter has been simulated. For this purpose, the molecular dynamics method has been used to improve our knowledge and understanding about the nanomanipulation processes and dynamics. In the manipulation of carbon allotropes, the results indicated that more spherical allotrope Modes away, the easier manipulation process occurred and the forces on the probe have been reduced; this is due to the curvature of tip and nanoparticle. The results of nanotubes manipulation showed that increasing the diameter of the nanotube causes to increase the force on the probe. The indentation depth was extracted for each nanotube during the manipulation process. The results indicated that the indentation depth increases versus diameter increasing. According to the application of carbon-based structures and nanotubes as the drug carriers in medicine, such this simulation studies can reduce time and cost of experimental projects in this field.

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To investigate the effects of drugs on viruses, interactions between proteins and inserting desirable genetic changes on DNA, precise study of biological cells is a necessary demand for nowadays. In this way, exploring mechanical properties of these particles and their mechanical behavior in different situations is needed; manipulation of bioparticles in nano scale is an important process for investigating nanoparticles behavior; because the amount of exerted force, deformation and investigating the damage possibility can provide useful information. In this paper, a molecular dynamics modeling of bioparticles nanomanipulation based on AFM has been done. Bioparticles include virus, protein and ssDNA. The main goal of this study is investigating the substrate effect on exerted force on the bioparticles and exploring damage possibility. Three types of substrates have been used, including silicon, graphene sheet and golden substrate. Widespread usage and low level interactions with other materials are the reasons of choosing these substrates. Results show that on gold substrate, the maximum manipulation force occurs and damage possibility is high. Also on graphene substrate manipulation force and deformation of particle are more than the silicon substrate.

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In the present study numerical simulation of synthetic jet is performed to optimize geometric parameters and excitation frequency to maximize mass flow rate and velocity of the jet and to avoid separation on the airfoil. Geometric parameters include: diameter and height of the cavity and orifice and excitation frequency of diaphragm which are selected as variable parameters for optimization. Using Response Surface Method (RSM) in this research, the simulations for optimization of the momentum of jet flow are designed. After studies and initial simulations, the range of variations in the effective variable parameters for the maximization of the target function (jet velocity and mass flow rate) are determined. Then, using the RSM, 32 separate tests are defined based on geometric and frequency parameters to find a second-order relationship, which relates the target functions to their variable parameters and their interactions. In this case the RSM prediction for the maximum velocity and mass flow rate of the jet are 22.16 m/s 0.0006 kg/s, respectively. Using RSM to optimize the geometric parameters and excitation frequency, jet momentum increases considerably in comparison with the first simulation. The velocity, mass flow rate, and momentum of the jet are increased by 31%, 36% and 78%, respectively.

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Endmilling is a type of machining tool for chipping the surfaces of parts, which has received attention due to its wide application in industries such as molding. Therefore, today, the need of the industry to find the optimal parameters of the process is felt so that the quality of the desired surface can be achieved. In general, the selection of effective parameters in any milling process significantly affects the surface quality of a finished part. In this research, using E-fast statistical sensitivity analysis method, the simultaneous influence of input parameters including spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on the output parameter of surface roughness for the samples has been investigated quantitatively. Machining experiments have been carried out under different cutting parameters as defined in steady state conditions for the milling tool. surface roughness and vibration rate of machining with non-linear quadratic forms; It has been modeled based on the cutoff parameters and its interactions through several regression analysis methods. The results of this research showed that the spindle speed time parameter is known as the most influential parameter on the surface roughness with 67% influence. It was also observed that the feed rate parameter with 30% effect of cutting depth with 3% are known as the second and third influencing parameters on surface roughness.

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In this article, the effects of changing four different input parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, feed force in Z direction and force in Y direction on the output of tool wear in the machining process of aluminum metal base composite have been investigated. To numerically examine the influence of each parameter on the  desired composite machining process results, the E-fast sensitivity analysis procedure was used. E-fast method has a high speed in quantitative and qualitative data analysis. After conducting a sensitivity analysis, it was found that as the feed force increases in the X direction, the  tool wear increases with a significant slope. It was also observed that this parameter (feed force in  X direction) has the greatest impact on  tool wear compared to other input parameters with an amount of 88%. The parameters of feed rate, feed force in Z direction and cutting speed are effective on tool wear with negligible rates of 8%, 3% and 1%, respectively.

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A sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem is developed and expanded with an emphasis on innovation-based entrepreneurship in emerging Start-ups. This phenomenon requires identifying the influencing factors in this process. This study aimed to analyze the agricultural start-up ecosystem in order to provide a model of the entrepreneurship in Iran. A survey research method was applied to achieve research objectives. The population of the study consisted of managers of agricultural Start-up of Iran, (N= 90). The questionnaire was the main instrument to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. In total, the research results showed that 9 constructs and 131 sub-constructs could explain 82.1% of the variance of entrepreneurial sustainability in agricultural Start-ups. Based on the obtained results, the overall goodness of fit statistics shows that the structural model fits well with the data. The planners of the agricultural entrepreneurship sector can play an effective role in smoothing the development path of agricultural entrepreneurship in Start-ups by using the results of this study and considering the identified factors.