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Due to ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, Zahedan has a heterogeneous and diverse population. The diversity of religions and denominations from the formation of this city until the Islamic Revolution has never been a matter of dispute and peaceful coexistence between different religious groups has been established in this city. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the continuation and emergence of Shiism as the official religion of the country, the Baluch people, due to differences in religion, became less integrated with the central government than the Sistani's and became more and more isolated in identity. The objective manifestation of these gaps can be seen in the most symbolic religious element of the city, namely the Makki Mosque. The hidden signs in this mosque as an arena to show the ethnic-religious hegemonic power of the Sunni Baluchi's, with unusual dimensions and heights and unfamiliar forms and decorations, have dominated their surrounding context and produced special semantic rules. In the face of such a situation, the narrator of the Makki Mosque has experienced signs of apathy because the signs used in this mosque have acted in disconnection with the previous meanings of the Baluch mosques and have become an unfamiliar text for the narrator. Finally, the Makki Mosque has provided an opportunity to represent concepts and issues that can take us deeper into the Baluch cultural layers and provide a relatively deep understanding of the people's situation in contemporary society. 

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Background: Low back pain is the most common cause of disability and absence from work among young and middle-aged people. As there is limited knowledge regarding this problem among Iranian students, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of low back pain and its ‘related socio demographic factors among students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 200 students of Islamic Azad University were selected purposively. Demographic questionnaire and Ronald-Morris Disability Scale were used to collect data regarding characteristics and disability caused by back pain. Data were entered SPSS₁₆ and analyzed through descriptive and analytic statistics. Results: In total, 190 students including 78 (41%) men and 112 (59%) women were assessed. Of all studied students 113 individuals 65.9% were suffering from low back pain and 91 students
(47.8%) were suffering from pain related disability. Body mass index (BMI) was normal in most participants. There was significant negative relationship between low back pain and physical activity (P = 0.006). Conclusion: To sum up, the results of this study verified a significant relationship among low back pain and disability. Moreover, the students who were more active and were living in good socio-economic status were less probably to suffer from low back pain and disability.

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Introduction: Quality of life plays a considerable role in individual and social health. Low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal disorders and cause negative impacts on various aspects of life. The aim of study was to compare the quality of life of students with and without low back pain.
Methods and Materials: This was across-sectional study performed among students at the Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, and west branch in Tehran., Iran. 200 students took part in the study and the SF-36scale was used to assess the quality of life of the participants.
Findings: The mean score of overall quality of life, physical, and mental health of the participants were 67.87 ± 19.07, 72.36 ± 21.53, and 63.20 ± 21.34 respectively. There was a significant relationship between quality of life and socio-economic status (p = 0.007), physical activity (p = 0.002) and smoking (p = 0.007). About %60/3of all participants (N = 114) reported back pain history. There were significant relationship between quality of life and low back pain (p = 0.0001).
Quality of life in students with back pain was less than those without back pain.
Conclusion: Considering the underlying factors affecting the quality of life of students, this study showed low back pain could also diminish the quality of life of the students.

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Background: Back pain is one of difficulties in communities that has negative effect on various aspect of life. The purpose of this study is to assess the aspects of life quality and its relationship with disability due to low back pain among students.
Methods and Material: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 200 eligible students were enrolled through purposive available sampling. Data was obtained based on demographic data questionnaire, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and SF-36 inventory. All data were entered into SPSS version 19 and analyzed.
Results: Results of this study showed that 60.3 percent (114 people) of students were living with low back pain. Based on Roland-Morris disability questionnaire, 80 percent (91 people) of those with low back pain were suffered from disability. The chi-square test showed there was a significant relationship between quality of life (QOL) (mental health and social function) and disability due to low back pain,. It also was shown that indirect relationship between all aspects of QOL and disability due to low back pain was existed.
Conclusion: This study indicated low back pain could affect not only on students' physical aspects of quality of life but also psychological and social aspects of quality of life could be decreased. Considering these effects of low back pain among students, multidimensional interventions regarding bio- psychosocial dimensions recommended to improve the quality of life of this target group.

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Soil characteristics is very important in water erosion processes. The present investigation was conducted in gully lands of Ardebil Province, Iran, to assess the role of soil texture and structure on aggregate stability using wet sieve method. To achieve the study purposes, mean weighted diameter of aggregates was calculated, and its relationships with lime and clay percentages, sodium absorption ratio and soil organic matter were then determined. The research results showed, in the first and second depth, the organic matter had the highest direct and positive effect on aggregate stability. In first depth, clay and lime had a direct and positive effect on aggregate stability. In both depths, sodium absorption ratio had the highest but negative effect on aggregate stability. Organic matter and clay had the highest direct and positive effect on aggregate stability in the second depth. The highest indirect effect of the parameters on aggregate stability was in second depth due to effect of clay and organic matter on each other. In second depth, lime had the direct and positive effect on aggregate stability. Sodium absorption ratio had a direct and negative effect on aggregate stability in both study depths.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in Supplying Automotive Carts Company (SAPCO). By conceptualizing and operationalizing OCB as extra-role and voluntarily discretionary performance directed to individual (OCBI) and organization (OCBO), empirical results showed that Leader-member Exchange (LMX), Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Psychological Contract Violation (PCV), and Job Involvement (JI) can somehow be viewed as an antecedents of OCB. Only PCV and JI didn’t support OCBI. Also, OCBO had significantly positive impact On Intention to Leave (OtL), but OCBI not. General implication of results is that social exchange theory, especially reciprocity norm can be a good framework for explaining OCB antecedents. However, this is modified regarding some part of PCV.  Also, doing or not doing OCBI cannot be a good symbol for turnover intention.  

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Improved studies on Collembola fauna of Iran have been started only recently and springtails species from many regions of the country are still unknown. This study presents the results of a faunistic survey of springtails from Golestan province, Northern Iran. Samplings were done in different habitats of Gorgan and Kordkuy counties (Golestan province) including forests, agricultural fields and citrus orchards during 2014–2015. In sum 37species from families Entomobryidae, Paronellidae, Isotomidae, Tomoceridae, Onychiuridae and Tullbergiidae were identified. Entomobrya numidica Baquero, Hamra-Kroua & Jordana, 2009; E. nivalis Linneaeus, 1758; E. nicoleti Lubbock, 1868; Cyphoderus agnotus Borner, 1906; Isotomurus cf. balteatus Reuter, 1876; Vertagopus sp.; Protaphorura cf. salsa Kaprus, Pasnik et Weiner, 2014; Mesaphorura yosii Rusek, 1967; Mesaphorura critica Ellis, 1976represent new records for Iranian fauna.

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Narrative semio-semantics is based on two principles: action and change. In this system, all actors often move logical and planned until achieve the favorite and permanent sense. It seems that in the texture of myth and epic fictions, dominant discourse is logical and narrative. In this research, we study the fiction of Rostam and Esfandyar of Ferdowsi’s Shahname based on semio-semantics theory in order to show that discursive components likewise narrative signs, have also effect to assign meaning to the fiction; because the enter of Simourgh to the fiction transforms normal narration and causes this study to go beyond narrative semio-semantics and get closer to discursive semio-semantics. The result of this study showed that in ideological discourse of Shahnameh, Rostam, as unconquerable Iranian hero, is located in the central thought. Events never occur in a way that damage authority of Rostam in the context of Shahnameh. Thus all signs lead to victory of Rostam in all championships in the fiction according to the narrator.

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The Difference between Narrator and Spoken Narration: The Analysis of “Lion and Cow” Story in Kelile and Bidpay The comparison includes: narrator’s participation in the beginning of the story, extradigestic and intradigestic narrator, the role of narrator in lexical emphasis, narrator’s tone, the mode of narrator’s conclusion, the focalizer-narrator, and strong appearance of the narrator in the end of the story. Finally, the difference between two styles in narration of two texts (Kelile and Bidpay).  

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Several methods are using to collect insects from the environments, they are living in. The sweeping net is one of the commonly used equipment for collecting however the process of picking up the collected insects from net bag is laborious and time consuming job. In the present work we introduced a hand-held battery powered electric aspirator, which made based on a centrifugal fan which adapted into an especial storage bottle (replaceable). Field trials confirmed the efficiency of the new device in collecting insects from different orders, of which Diptera and Hymenoptera were dominant. Additional customization was made on the type of collecting bottle to enhance the applicability of the new device for different purposes. Finally, studies showed that the hand-held electric aspirator can be used successfully for faunistic and ecological studies.

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The Iranian fauna of Eudorylini (Diptera, Pipunculidae) is reviewed. The new material were collected in Western (Kermanshah) and Eastern (North Khorasan, Khorasan-e Razavi, South Khorasan, Sistan-o Baluchestan) provinces during 2015–2016. In total, twenty species of Eudorylini belonging to four genera known from Iran are listed. Four species, Claraeola conjuncta (Collin, 1949), Clistoabdominalis nitidifrons (Becker, 1900), Dasydorylas discoidalis (Becker, 1897) and Eudorylas jenkinsoni Coe, 1966 are newly recorded from Iran. A brief diagnosis is presented for the newly recorded species.

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Study of conceptual metaphor of Light in the Divan-e-Shams In this paper, will be explained functions of light and visual clusters like Sun, candles, lights and etc, in the Ghazal of Molavi based on using cognitive theory of contemporary metaphor. Concept of light in the Divan-e- Shams indicate that visual recognition and knowledge is a concept and it present as a primary metaphorical mapping in deep-structure; Molavi concerned this mapping and secondary mapping "divine world is light", and he has accounted light as God, perfect man, place, food and wine, the guidance and hope. Also he has explained subject of existence and nonexistence. The metaphorical mapping makes appropriate categories for Molavi's abstract analysis and shows intratextual coherence of the sonnets with primary mapping. Key words: light, Molavi, conceptual metaphor, mapping, macro metaphor

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The effects of dominant shrub species on soil organic matter (SOM), including total soil carbon (SC), total nitrogen (N) and particulate organic matter (POM) were studied in three stands differing in the type of shrub species, i.e. Astragalus microcephalus (shrub), Pteropyrum aucheri (shrub) and Prangus uloptera (non-shrub).The stands were located in arid grasslands of north-western Iran. For this purpose, 18 soil samples from each stand were systematic-randomly collected (by auger) from each depth of 0-15cm and15-30cm, along 6 transect in each stand.The results showed that the stands with the highest abundance of P. aucheriand A. microcephalushad the highest values for SC (0.99% and 0.98%) in both depths, and the highest values for N (0.13% and 0.12%), respectively. The highest POM percentage for carbon (0.24%) and nitrogen (0.03%) were observed in the stands with the highest abundance of A. microcephalus. The proportion of micro-aggregates (28.48%) was significantly higher than macro-aggregates (20.46%) in the upper soil layer of the stand with the highest abundance of A. microcephalus as compared to the others, while no significant difference detected in micro- and macro-aggregate contents of the lower soil layer between the stands. Therefore, the type of shrub species in the grassland communities had important effect on soil organic matter.

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In developing countries, innovation is less than expectation, so these countries require to consider a different development paradigm such as learning economy that focus on active learning and the “doing, using and interacting” innovation approach for introducing the required context for creating and diffusing informal interaction that may result to technical knowledge acquisition. In this paper, the effective factors on Iran’s transition to learning economy have been identified. Research approach is inductive and qualitative and themes and components have been identifies based on grounded theory. By considering the importance and role of organization in relation with determined themes and components, organizational implications for Iran’s transition to learning economy include learning organization, organizational unlearning, policy learning and organizational capacity, and absorptive capacity and organizational capability have been investigated.    
 

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While writing a literal or educational text, especially for children, it is very important to know the characteristics of the readers. Children’s literature and educational professionals believe that using difficult vocabulary or structures in a text will eliminate the reader’s motivation, so using simple structures and core vocabulary is very important. Core vocabulary means a list of words that have high frequency in use, and everyone (in an age level) can understand their meaning. In this research, we study the usage of core vocabulary in 20 texts from “Roshde Noamuz” magazine according to Nematzade et al (2011). The results of this research can be fruitful in writing and translating childrenʼs texts. We further aim to find vocabulary that all Iranian children can understand its meaning to use in literal and educational texts.

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Home Uterine Activity Monitoring (HUAM) has demonstrated to be of great value for preventing preterm labor in recent years. In this research, a low cost monitoring device for non-invasive monitoring of the uterine activity in pregnant women is presented. The new device has been designed based on an inductive Colpitz oscillator and vertical displacement of a ferrite core in a coil. The resulting frequency of the oscillator is proportional to the pressure in the external surface of the abdomen. This frequency is measured by the portable monitor. A low-power static random access memory (SRAM) provides long-term data storage. The proposed sensor for detecting uterine contractions has light weight, high stability and low cost. This sensor is very simple to manufacture and use for long-term ambulatory monitoring of the uterine activity. Furthermore, this sensor can be calibrated using software. Other features of the sensor are, resolution of 0.13 mmHg, repeatability close to 96% and input range from 0 to 95.32 mmHg.

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In one way, public policy scholarship has enriched considerably and stage heuristics approach (problem identification. Proposing, affirmation, implementation, and evaluation) has replaced by new theoretical views such as punctuated equilibrium theory, advocacy coalition framework, multiple streams framework, policy diffusion model, and so on. On the other way, there are three emergent research streams in policy scholarship: (1) using theoretical views on different policy areas and then comparing their explanatory power, (2) comparing theoretical views together, and (3) combing and integrating them to achieve grand theoretical view. Yet, examinations revealed that Iranian policy scholars only use policy stage heuristic as an analytical lens and don’t consider testing, critiquing, and developing new theoretical lens of policy process. In this regard, we have recommended many guidelines to tuning up and accelerating policy studies in Iran.