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Elham arabshahi kashi, Reza Shajari,
Volume 16, Issue 61 (Spring 2023)
Volume 16, Issue 61 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
Ismail Fasih is one of the most famous and prolific writers in the field of fiction, especially police and detective literature. Some of his works such as Shahbaz and Jagdan, Sharab Kham, Dard Siavash, Del Kor etc. mostly have a police and detective aspect despite the fame of this author. As the results of this research show, he was strongly influenced by Agatha Christie and her detective novels. Thus, if we compare the police-related works of these two authors, we can find many common elements in the field of police literature in their works. Ismail Fasih was influenced by Agatha Christie not only in the choice of the narrator's language and the way of characterization, but also in the choice of the plot of some stories. This assertion can be proved by comparing the texts of the two authors. In this research, the authors have tried to explain and prove the influence of Agatha Christie's eloquence in a descriptive-analytical way and with the method of library documents. This is a work that has not been done before by the researchers and critics of fiction literature and it is new in its kind.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Detective fiction is one of the most popular branches of fiction all over the world. Mystery novels are one of the types of this literary genre that rely on the detective element and try to decipher the strange crime that has happened. The father of this style is Edgar Allan Poe and the queen is Agatha Christie. In Iran, the study of police stories in the style of Western literature began with the end of the Qajar period and gradually became one of the most popular genres in the years 1320-1300. The translation of such stories from the end of this period encouraged Iranian writers to create such works. Amir Ashiri (born in 1303 A.H. in Tehran) can be called one of the founders of police literature in Iran with 58 historical, criminal and police books. He was mainly influenced by the James Bond movies. Ismail Fasih is also one of the other authors of the police genre whose works were very popular in Iran in the 1960s and 1970s. Of course, Fasih also had a significant influence in this field, and by comparing literature, one can understand the similarities between these writers and the greats of the police genre. Although police literature is one of the new genres of literature, it has a long history, and in order to explore its roots, one should refer to the history of all the murders and the human efforts in the field of discovering the murderer. It can be said that the human desire for myth-making and storytelling and the discovery of the mysteries that are at the core of such stories have caused the emergence of such a genre. The main elements of detective-police stories and films are: "mystery", "murderer", "victim", "detective", "suspect". By studying these elements in the works of famous Iranian and foreign writers and based on the rules of comparative literature, it is possible to study the whole intellectual and literary exchanges of these writers on an extraterritorial level. As in this work, when a number of Ismail Fasih's works are studied on the basis of the principles of comparative literature, his entire intellectual and literary exchanges with Agatha Christie, one of the pioneers of crime literature in the West, are also studied.
2. Literature Review
Fasih is one of the pioneers of police and crime literature in Iran, whose story-writing style is a combination of Western and Iranian narrative styles and is strongly influenced by the writing style of great writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and Agatha Christie. In this research, while analyzing and examining a number of Agatha Christie's eloquent novels, a comparative comparison and examination of the storytelling style and practical techniques of these two authors is also revealed, and it becomes clear that Agatha Christie's footprints can be seen in many of his eloquent works.
3.Methodology
In this research, the authors have tried to explain and prove the influence of Agatha Christie's eloquence in a descriptive-analytical way and with the method of library documents. It is a work that has not been done before by the researchers and critics of fiction literature and it is new in its kind.
4. Results
Detective literature is one of the most important branches of fiction literature, which has many fans all over the world, including Iran. The researches have shown that Fasih has artistic, literary and intellectual creativity and was able to create harmony between the dialogues and characters. However, in some of the themes and characterizations and story lines and the creation of plot spaces, similarities can be seen between his works and the works of Agatha Christie, although these similarities do not indicate a direct influence of the Iranian writer from the West; rather, it is mostly the result of the requirements of the detective genre. In the comparison of Agatha Christie's and Ismail Fasih's narrative style and techniques, an attempt has been made to examine these similarities as well as the differences to some extent; As in the eloquent detective novels, he has been very powerful in describing the characters, creating a state of suspense and using ambiguity and doubt in the audience's mind and creating a protagonist like Agatha. But in Agatha's works, the variety of fictional characters and the creation of complex puzzles and the creation of an atmosphere of terror are much more. In other words, Fasih's narrative style is a combination of Western and Iranian narrative styles, and it can be said that while studying and reviewing the works of Western writers in this genre, Fasih was able to implement the results of his studies in the best possible way. localize and attract the attention of the audience.
Elham arabshahi kashi, Reza Shajari,
Volume 16, Issue 64 (Winter 2023)
Volume 16, Issue 64 (Winter 2023)
Abstract
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Criticism of methodology and analysis of literary works is one of the important topics in the field of scientific and research works, which can shed light on the intertextual influence of literary texts, especially in fiction. In the present study, the authors, using the method of content analysis and comparative comparison, found one of the ways of espionage in the war in seven famous literary and historical stories "King of Jahud and Nasranian" in Masnavi and Hayat Al-Hayvan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh. and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitalian" in Tabari's history, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslimnameh. The results showed that the method of espionage in the story of King of Jahud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the tools of war is deception, and one of the ways to deceive and overcome the enemy is to "infiltrate" the enemy's army with various methods and tactics, which is interpreted as espionage, and in fact, espionage in today's military literature is the collection of discourse, which is breaking into the enemy's camp to covertly collect military secrets, sabotage, or influence commanders and soldiers to defeat the military war. The method of hard penetration and espionage is one of the old tactics in war, when a person volunteered to defend the ideals of their country, nation, group or tribe by risking their life, this is somewhat reminiscent of the same jurisprudential ruling of "Tatarros" is also in Islam.
Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to criticize the methodology of war tactics and the method of "infiltration" in the enemy's army and overcoming them in seven famous literary and historical stories of King Jahoud and his Vazir-e Makkar Boles in Hayat al-Haivan Demiari, King Jahoud and Nasranian in Masnavi, Boom and Ghorab in Kelila and Demeneh, Shaghad and Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Firozshah's battle with Hayatla in Tabari's history, Bibi Seti in Abu Muslimnameh and the battle of Zaba and Jezima in Balami's history. The study is an attempt to answer these questions: To what extent the methodological criticism and the comparative comparison of ancient literary and historical texts have been influenced by each other? Can the analysis of the content of ancient historical and literary texts help to reflect the unity of these texts?
So far, many studies have been done on some of the historical and literary stories presented in this research separately; But in none of them, there is mention of methodological criticism and comparative comparison of the methods and tactics of infiltrating the enemy's army. Therefore, the authors have tried to, through methodological criticism, comparative comparison and analysis of the content of seven famous historical stories, look into the matter. In terms of the method of influence and war strategy, the authors looked at the intertextual influence of these texts and their similarities and differences and the extent of their influence on each other. In the current paper, seven famous literary and historical stories "King Jahoud and the Nasranians" in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitaliyan" in Tabari's Tarikh, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslim's book are critically reviewed and the differences and similarities of these texts are evaluated. The results showed that the espionage method in the story of King Jahoud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content.
2. Results
Criticism of the methodology and comparative comparison of war tactics and the method of hard penetration in the enemy army in seven famous historical and literary stories showed that based on the components of comparative literature, it can be said that there were sometimes interactions and exchanges between the two nations; As in Masnavi, Kelila and Demna, we can clearly understand this cultural exchange between the two nations of Iran and India in Masnavi, Kelila and Damna. However, according to the theory of intertextuality, one cannot be considered the original version and the other a copy, rather, basically, such a plot has existed in thousands of other stories before these two stories in different nations. In other words, in the story of King Jahud, Bibi Seti in dealing with Abu Muslim's enemies, Firoz Shah's battle with Hayatele, Buf and Zagh, Shaghad and Rostam, Zaba and Qusayr Ebn-e Saad, Siavash and Sudabah, Yusuf and Zulikha, Shahzad and Kanizak. One of the characters in the story has tried to deceive the enemy's army with trickery, such as tearing his clothes, scratching his face, injuring himself (self-mutilation), humiliating and insulting him in public. The use of this trick in wars is one of the common ways; But in the three recent love stories, the difference can be seen that at the end of the story, the deceiver is disgraced and punished for his actions, such as Sudabah who was killed by Rostam or the scandal of Zulikha with the interpretation of Yusuf's dreams in prison. And also the disgrace and scandal of the maid can be mentioned with the testimony of the prince. Therefore, in the present study, the review and comparative comparison of seven famous literary and historical stories showed that the method of hard influence in the story of King Jahud in Hayat al-Hiyavan Damiri and Masnavi is stronger than the other mentioned stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories. As in the stories of Bom, Gharab, Firouzshah, Hayatle, Zaba, and Qusayr, hard influence and espionage are introduced through the lever of praising the military power of the enemy group and being rejected and accused among the insider forces. In the story of Bibi Seti in Abu Muslim Nameh, he used oppression and oppression by his own forces as a means of his hard influence on the enemy group, and in the story of Shaghad and Rostam, humiliation and insults and destruction of his personality by his own forces were his means of influence.What is certain is that the analysis of the qualitative content of the above-mentioned stories showed that the method of hard penetration in the story of Hayat al-Hiyavan and Masnavi was stronger and more effective than other stories.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
One of the tools of war is deception, and one of the ways to deceive and overcome the enemy is to "infiltrate" the enemy's army with various methods and tactics, which is interpreted as espionage, and in fact, espionage in today's military literature is the collection of discourse, which is breaking into the enemy's camp to covertly collect military secrets, sabotage, or influence commanders and soldiers to defeat the military war. The method of hard penetration and espionage is one of the old tactics in war, when a person volunteered to defend the ideals of their country, nation, group or tribe by risking their life, this is somewhat reminiscent of the same jurisprudential ruling of "Tatarros" is also in Islam.
Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to criticize the methodology of war tactics and the method of "infiltration" in the enemy's army and overcoming them in seven famous literary and historical stories of King Jahoud and his Vazir-e Makkar Boles in Hayat al-Haivan Demiari, King Jahoud and Nasranian in Masnavi, Boom and Ghorab in Kelila and Demeneh, Shaghad and Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Firozshah's battle with Hayatla in Tabari's history, Bibi Seti in Abu Muslimnameh and the battle of Zaba and Jezima in Balami's history. The study is an attempt to answer these questions: To what extent the methodological criticism and the comparative comparison of ancient literary and historical texts have been influenced by each other? Can the analysis of the content of ancient historical and literary texts help to reflect the unity of these texts?
So far, many studies have been done on some of the historical and literary stories presented in this research separately; But in none of them, there is mention of methodological criticism and comparative comparison of the methods and tactics of infiltrating the enemy's army. Therefore, the authors have tried to, through methodological criticism, comparative comparison and analysis of the content of seven famous historical stories, look into the matter. In terms of the method of influence and war strategy, the authors looked at the intertextual influence of these texts and their similarities and differences and the extent of their influence on each other. In the current paper, seven famous literary and historical stories "King Jahoud and the Nasranians" in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitaliyan" in Tabari's Tarikh, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslim's book are critically reviewed and the differences and similarities of these texts are evaluated. The results showed that the espionage method in the story of King Jahoud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content.
2. Results
Criticism of the methodology and comparative comparison of war tactics and the method of hard penetration in the enemy army in seven famous historical and literary stories showed that based on the components of comparative literature, it can be said that there were sometimes interactions and exchanges between the two nations; As in Masnavi, Kelila and Demna, we can clearly understand this cultural exchange between the two nations of Iran and India in Masnavi, Kelila and Damna. However, according to the theory of intertextuality, one cannot be considered the original version and the other a copy, rather, basically, such a plot has existed in thousands of other stories before these two stories in different nations. In other words, in the story of King Jahud, Bibi Seti in dealing with Abu Muslim's enemies, Firoz Shah's battle with Hayatele, Buf and Zagh, Shaghad and Rostam, Zaba and Qusayr Ebn-e Saad, Siavash and Sudabah, Yusuf and Zulikha, Shahzad and Kanizak. One of the characters in the story has tried to deceive the enemy's army with trickery, such as tearing his clothes, scratching his face, injuring himself (self-mutilation), humiliating and insulting him in public. The use of this trick in wars is one of the common ways; But in the three recent love stories, the difference can be seen that at the end of the story, the deceiver is disgraced and punished for his actions, such as Sudabah who was killed by Rostam or the scandal of Zulikha with the interpretation of Yusuf's dreams in prison. And also the disgrace and scandal of the maid can be mentioned with the testimony of the prince. Therefore, in the present study, the review and comparative comparison of seven famous literary and historical stories showed that the method of hard influence in the story of King Jahud in Hayat al-Hiyavan Damiri and Masnavi is stronger than the other mentioned stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories. As in the stories of Bom, Gharab, Firouzshah, Hayatle, Zaba, and Qusayr, hard influence and espionage are introduced through the lever of praising the military power of the enemy group and being rejected and accused among the insider forces. In the story of Bibi Seti in Abu Muslim Nameh, he used oppression and oppression by his own forces as a means of his hard influence on the enemy group, and in the story of Shaghad and Rostam, humiliation and insults and destruction of his personality by his own forces were his means of influence.What is certain is that the analysis of the qualitative content of the above-mentioned stories showed that the method of hard penetration in the story of Hayat al-Hiyavan and Masnavi was stronger and more effective than other stories.
Volume 19, Issue 76 (4-2022)
Abstract
In this study, the authors have tried to identify the types of exaggeration and study and analyze it in ritual poetry, the reasons for its entry and expansion in this literary genre in order to save poets and orators from falling into such a trap. Our target population in this study is a selection of ritual poets whose poems have had such damage more prominent; Attributing the special attributes and names of God to the Imams (as) and fabricating mythical stories and exaggerating in making people hope for the intercession of those great people are examples of content harms that in this research have been tried to deal with analytical-descriptive method.
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