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Abstract:
Research subject: In water injection process, part of the surface active agents that are naturally present in oil can be dissolved in injected water. The presence of these substances affects the surface phenomena of the three phase water-oil-rock system. The effect of these substances on modification of the ionic composition of injected water has been less investigated in previous studies.
Research approach: In this paper, first, the effects of acidic compounds in crude oil and connate water composition on initial wettability of carbonate rock were investigated. Then to investigate the wettability changes of oil-wet calcite rock, single-salt aqueous solutions of MgCl₂, CaCl₂, KCl, and Na₂SO₄ having concentrations of 0.1 to 1 molar were used.
Oil–water interfacial tension (IFT) for distilled water and salt waters in various concentrations were measured and compared. Variations of calcite rock surface properties were investigated by contact angle measurement after aging of thin sections in oil and salt waters.
Main results: Results indicated that by increasing ion concentration and ionic strength of salt waters, IFT decreases due to dissolution of acidic compounds of oil at the interface of oil and water. Moreover, for high content of acidic compounds in the oil, Magnesium ion has the most impact on reducing IFT and altering the rock wettability. So that by increasing the concentration up to 1 molar, IFT and contact angle decrease to 1 mN/m and 42 degrees, respectively.
Contact angle measurements revealed that the composition of connate water is effective in changing the initial wettability of the rock, and formation of ionic-organic layer adjacent to the rock surface is one of the most important factors in wettability alteration. The presence of Magnesium ion in connate water decreases the contact angle to 145 degrees and causes the rock surface to become more water wet.
Also, increasing solubility of oil-soluble acidic compounds in the aqueous phase has a significant effect on the rock wettability. The experimental results showed that the interaction between ions in the aqueous phase, especially the divalent ions, and surface active agents (carboxylic acid) determine the surface behavior of water in contact with oil and rock.
 
Keywords: Wettability, IFT, Acidic oil, Divalent ions, Ionic-organic layer

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Philosophy for children is one of the most important and comprehensive approaches to teaching children how to think. It uses various methods such as games, movies, animations, discussions, and stories to teach children how to think philosophically. One of the tricks that can be used as an effective means to achieve the goals of this program is the category of "humor". On the one hand, humor is related to the themes of philosophy for children, such as democracy, moral virtues, creative and critical thinking, social interaction, discourse and routine experiences of children, and on the other hand, it is close to Iranian humor culture and spirit, which will have a positive and effective function in the philosophy program for children. Humor can also play a role in increasing the literary richness of such stories, attracting the children of the audience' and influencing them through philosophical stories without disturbing the functions of philosophy by playing a role in characterizing, releasing and reinterpreting signs in children's philosophical stories for children and contributing to achieving the goals of this program.
Extended Abstract
Philosophy for Children is one of the most effective new curriculum and educational approaches currently being voluntarily implemented in 150 countries around the world. In this program, various methods such as games, films and animations, discussions and stories are used to teach children how to think philosophically. The main tools used in this program are stories and the community of inquiry. The stories should be written in terms of philosophical richness and literary richness according to the standards of philosophy for children. Philosophical richness refers to the philosophical content and literary richness refers to the charm of a story to attract children's attention. In this study, the category of humor was introduced and the function it can have for the philosophical and literary richness of Fabak's stories as well as for the development of the Community of Inquiry. On the one hand, humor establishes a connection with the topics of philosophy for children, such as democracy, moral virtues, creative and critical thinking, social interaction, discourse, and daily experiences of children, because humor requires being in a group and being influenced and affected in a pleasant way. and on the other hand, it is close to the culture and humorous spirit of Iranians, and for this reason, it will have a positive and effective function in the philosophy program for children. because the alignment of the methods used in the Fabak program with the culture of the audience is one of the requirements for the successful implementation of this program. In discussing the literary richness of stories, humor, by creating philosophical characters, releasing and decoding symbols, plays an effective role in increasing the literary richness of these types of stories, attracting children and influencing them from philosophical stories. These characteristics make humor an effective element in the philosophy program for children, which effectively achieves its goals without disrupting the philosophical and literary richness of this program.

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Nowadays, with the increase in diseases and consumers’ preference for organic foods, the use of natural plant compounds to improve and increase their shelf life is on the rise. In addition, the use of medicinal plants, which can have therapeutic properties, has attracted attention. Black seed oil has attracted a lot of attention in the past due to its unique therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of black seed oil against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. The amount of phenolic compounds in black seed oil was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging methods. The antimicrobial effect of Nigella sativa oil was investigated according to well diffusion  agar, disk diffusion agar, interaction, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods.The Nigella sativa oil had 16.25 mg GAE/g phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging were 86.62% and 94.85%, respectively.The Nigella sativa oil showed a significant antimicrobial effect on the tested microorganisms. In the combined mode (interaction) of Nigella sativa oil with chloramphenicol antibiotic, synergistic mode was observed for all bacterial strains. Given the significant antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect of Nigella sativa, it can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.