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Abstract: Early people had made groups on the world and formed the first basis for group life in this way. The interactions of groups with nature occurred separately from the personal ones. Therefore, not only groups of people got affected by nature; but also the untouched nature recorded some footprints of peoples› lifestyles and was not anymore untouched. This interaction between indigenous people and nature over time shaped the cultural landscape as a secondary phenomenon. Although lots of definitions have been presented for this concept, there has not been any inclusive and exclusive definition based on cultural landscape formation process and being regardless of time and geographical and cultural context in order to bring attention to the many and complex aspects of this concept. Therefore, by reviewing and analyzing documents and theories as well as using qualitative research method and content analysis strategy, this paper seeks to achieve a level of understanding about this concept to determine the alphabet for cultural landscape recognition in order to present a new definition for it. To approach the main objective of this paper, redefining the cultural landscape; two main components affecting the formation of cultural landscapes, nature and culture, should be taken into consideration. Having a precise look at cultural landscape literature, it is indicated that two components, in different approaches and as a result with various terms; have formed the basis for cultural landscape definition. In spite of many applicable definitions in geographical and cultural contexts; the necessity for presenting a redefinition for cultural landscapes that have the capacity to be generalized based on their formation processes has been understood. In order to approach the proposed definition, refining the basic concepts in formation processes of cultural landscapes and choosing the most comprehensive key words are investigated. Cultural landscape is known as the result of interaction between people and nature. But the question is that which nature? The initial untouched nature? Or the touched one? And the more important question is that what is called as nature? Is it the environment? Or the ecosystem? Or something else? Having a brief look at cultural landscape definitions and explanations, it can be understood that many words used as synonyms with regards to this issue; are not in fact synonyms; and this occurs due to lack of fixed and correct definitions and consensus on them. By examining the words used as equivalents of the word nature in current definitions of cultural landscape and analyzing them from the point of view of this paper, considering the fact the word “nature” is believed to be untouched from human being interventions, emphasizing on the influence of human in the word “landscape”, not using the phrase “geographical context” widely and colloquially, and the ambiguity of the phrase “environment” regarding the amount of human intervention; in this paper, applying these words and phrases are avoided. The word “ecosystem” owning to its comprehensiveness in covering universe phenomenon and offering a clearer position of human being, has been chosen as the alternative for the word nature. On the other hand, with putting emphasis on the fact that cultural landscape resulted from group interaction, and not individual ones with nature; the need for paying attention to the issue of culture becomes obvious. Having highlighted that the aim of this paper is not presenting a definition of culture; the four channels of knowledge of ecosystems, including science, philosophy, mysticism, and religion as the four main components of culture formation are introduced. After that, the position of the four channels of ecosystem recognition in the culture is defined. Thus, the formation process of cultural landscape based on the four channels of knowledge is refined in a scheme that becomes as the underlying layer for redefining cultural landscape based on its formation process. In this paper, science refers to “ethnic knowledge”. Ethnic knowledge is referred to those kind of information that have been achieved by indigenous people of a specific area about their ecosystem or have gained from other ethnic groups and nationalities. The indigenous people have applied them in their practical knowledge during filtration, which has its own process and does not fit in the range of the question of thisresearch. The indigenous knowledge is used in order to enable or facilitate the possibility of inhabitancy in the geographic environment for that people, with certain beliefs and traditions, and therefore it can be called “indigenous applied knowledge”. The second channel is philosophy. It refers to that of indigenous people rather than great philosophers’ opinions; as in science, indigenous knowledge attracted more attention than great theatrical breakthroughs. The third component is mysticism. The purpose of mysticism is “to recognize the quality of human life” and as two quantitative and qualitative dimensions used to be and are integral; so, whether it is paid attention to or not, mysticism exists in every moment of human life. Religion is the fourth component. Religion refers to a set of rules and orders that have been revealed through revelation for the divine prophets. These rules have had a great role in shaping cultural landscape of societies. Thus, the formation process of each cultural landscape is presented on a scheme that its key components are the four channels of knowledge toward the ecosystem, the ecosystem and culture. Considering the proposed scheme, cultural landscape is redefined in this paper as followed: cultural landscape refers to that part of the gregarious interaction of indigenous people of a micro-ecosystem with it; those people have gained a common understanding toward the entire ecosystem and the micro-ecosystem over the passage of time and consequently have established a common culture. Moreover, they have left objective (tangible) or subjective (intangible) signs in that micro-ecosystem as a result of their interaction that can be recognized by being subjected to careful scrutiny. The main advantage of the proposed scheme and the definition of cultural landscape of this paper is the ability to produce diverse outputs and thus the identification of cultural landscape products in different natural and cultural contexts.

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Background: Infectious agents are considered as one of the possible etiological factors of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It has been suggested that torque teno virus (TTV) may trigger autoimmune disorders, but few studies have been conducted on the relationship between this virus and autoimmune diseases, especially SLE. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between TTV frequency and SLE.
Materials & Methods: Serum samples were collected from a total of 116 participants, including 58 healthy people and 58 SLE patients who referred to the rheumatology clinic of Shahid-Beheshti hospital in Kashan, Iran from January 2020 to January 2021. After the extraction of viral DNA from the samples, a nested PCR test was performed using specific primers to detect TTV.
Findings: TTV was detected in 43 SLE patients (74.1%, 95% CI: 63.4-86.2) and 33 healthy individuals (56.9%, 95% CI: 44.1-69.0). A significant correlation was found between SLE and the presence of TTV (r= .32, p= .03). There was no correlation between the presence of TTV and musculoskeletal involvements, skin lesions, renal manifestations, and hematological manifestations (r< .05, p> .05). TTV was detected more frequently in patients with active lupus than in patients with quiescent disease, and this difference was significant (p= .048).
Conclusion: A significant association between TTV and SLE was observed in the present study; however, further studies are needed to investigate the role of TTV in the pathogenesis and clinical course of SLE.

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Caddisfly sampling conducted during August 2021 from the Gurgur River in the Sabalan Mountains, Ardabil province, Iran, revealed the first record of Glossosoma unguiculatum Martynov, 1925 for Iran. Previously, this species had only been known from few localities in Turkey, the Caucasus and Kazakhstan. The morphology of male genitalia in the collected specimens generally corresponds to the described species, with the exception of a less incised ventral margin of the abdominal segment IX in ventral view, which may be attributed to geographical variability. This discovery marks the second species of the genus Glossosoma Curtis, 1834 found in Iran.

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Antoin Sevruguin is an artist and photographer of the Qajar periodical that, despite having the king's attention and interest, could demonstrate a critical perspective, appeal and protest of the conscious and protesting class of the society, by displaying a subject in different strata of society through the camera. Lucien Goldmann, a structuralist sociologist and theorist, used this method in his innovative approach called "genetic structuralism". Therefore, finding the worldview of its work and its relation to a social class is the basis of the genetic structuralism. The library and documentary data collection method is used in this study. In this discourse, the researcher has attempted to find the hidden worldview of the works by using the genetic structuralism and link it to the influential social group and examine the relationship between them. In the following, using the components within the works and the meaningful structure of society, he answers the following question: What is the role of different classes in shaping the forms and themes of Qajar period photography? The results indicate that there is a dialectical relationship between the artwork and the class. Antoin Sevruguin in all his works used themes and concepts such as class differences, presentation of Shah's power and superiority, considering people inferior, misogyny in society, Western influence, ignorance and negligence, humor and disorder in the community, along with the role of the protest class in informing the people.

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The school of romanticism emerged as a dialectical reaction to classicism and neoclassicism in the eighteenth century and it was influenced by philosophical, political and social factors of its age. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on individualism, the freedom of imagination, the sincerity of emotions and also the attempts to reach the transcendent truth, discernible beyond the scientific reality. Along with the formation of literary renaissance in Iran, many academians and literary traditionalists introduced modern literature as an imitation of the west in form of translations of western schools, including romanticism. Such an idea has been consolidated by the lack of valid and reliable literary research in the following decades. The current study has indicated that the interpretation of romanticism in Iran has been influenced by neglecting some of its essential characteristics, debasing its components from its philosophical and epistemological context and by inaccurate renditions of some of its core concepts. As literary schools contain conceptualized and structured components, literary research in Iran has seemingly employed this accessible structure in studying literary trends. Consequently, this has led to incomplete and even erroneous understanding of the trends of contemporary literature, due to focusing on sole descriptions of such elements as love and nature, without considering Persian literary traditions. 
 

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The price fluctuations due to adjustments to Iran's national milk pricing policy affect households’ welfare. This study examines the effect of milk price increases on the welfare of urban income groups using time series data during 1982-2009. The relationships among per capita demand for milk, average milk price and disposable per capita income were estimated for five income groups using Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model. The results indicate that compensating variation and welfare are downside, this means that elimination of milk subsidies results in more welfare fluctuations in low income groups than that of high income ones. Therefore, it is difficult for groups at lower income levels to compensate for losses. If the government divides the cost of lost subsidies equally among households, financial losses resulting from price increases cannot be compensated for two groups, but higher income groups will benefit most from redistribution policy.

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One of the important aspects which may affect the seismic response of gravity dams is dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. The dam-reservoir interaction must be taken into account, since the dam undergoes deformation which influences the motion of water in the reservoir. Due to the complexity of a dam­reservoir-foundation system, the finite element method is an efficient tool for studying the dynamic response of such a system not only due to the complicated geometry of the dam-reservoir-foundation system but also due to the mechanism of incident earthquake waves and different boundary conditions which can be simulated more appropriately. In order to seismic analysis of gravity dams, a computational procedure for two-dimensional finite-element analysis of dam­reservoir­foundation systems subjected to seismic excitations is developed using Ansys software in this research. Water is assumed as a compressible, inviscid fluid with small amplitude displacements and the dam is modeled as an elastic solid. The analysis is carried out in time domain considering dynamic excitations. Newmark time integration scheme is developed to solve the time­discretized equations which are an unconditionally stable implicit method. An application of the procedure to a study of the seismic optimization of concrete gravity dams using hydrodynamic isolation layer under horizontal and vertical ground motions is presented and discussed. In this study, the hydrodynamic isolation layer is used for the geometry and seismic optimization of concrete gravity dams. For this purpose, the volume of dam body is considered as the objective function and constraints of various geometrical and structural behaviors in order to optimize the concrete gravity dam under seismic loading. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed numerical model, the response of Koyna dam in India due to Taft ground motion is presented as a case study to show the hydrodynamic isolation effects on seismic optimization of concrete gravity dams. The model was analyzed and compared for the cases in which the isolation layer attached along the upstream face of dam for different conditions. Consider to obtained results, it is revealed that the isolation layer can have the reducing effect on responses of dam model because of damping the induced hydrodynamic pressure due to earthquake. The layer reduces the dam response due to the hydrodynamics effect of the reservoir in essentially two different ways: (a) the layer serves as a boundary for the reservoir with a low reflection coefficient which results in reduction in the developed hydrodynamic pressure in the reservoir compared with the case of a completely reflective boundary. This effect was addressed in the previous part of the theoretical solution excluding the layer's isolation effects. (b) the isolation of the dam from the hydrodynamic pressure is the result of the layer thickness as well as its material properties which alter the amplitude of the transmitted pressure wave across the layer.