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Showing 8 results for Mojarrad
Sanaz Mojarrad,
Volume 7, Issue 28 (Winter 2014)
Volume 7, Issue 28 (Winter 2014)
Abstract
There is a tradition in Persian poems which poet at the beginning of his poem express his beliefs and answer to his opponents. Some poets represent these beliefs as tales. These parts mostly are out of the main body of the poem. Among Attars Neishaboury poems there are ten tales at the beginning of Mosibat-nameh. The content of these tales are defending of truth of his religious beliefs , answering to his opponents, explaining the value of poem and poesy. the structure of these tales are the form (tension, trying, conclusion) and two subsidiaries of this form and eliminate or changing these parts highlight the narratives opinion. Signs have more important role in making the structures. The signs which are used in these tales are: choosing the character, choosing the time and place, starting the tales with conjunction, the speed of act and react. Designing value equaition, Use the pronoun and quoting the speech of saints.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Fall & Winter 2006)
Abstract
ABSTRACT The effective rainfall amounts (ER) as a part of the irrigation requirement were estimated for the premature and serotinous varieties of rice in the Mazandaran Plain , using different methods. Finally the “Dependable Rain” method were selected for the estimation.Comparison of the maps, reveals that the ER amounts are more in the western part of the plain than the eastern part ; Consequently , the net irrigation requirement is low in the western part. Because knowing the minimum and maximum values of the ER with specific confidence, helps the planners in different decisions, the ER amounts were estimated at 90 , 95 and 99 percent confidence intervals. The related maps show that the confidence for ER amounts is low for both premature and serotinous varieties in the eastern part; Meanwhile the ER amounts are almost 50 milimeters more for serotinous variety than premature variety at different confidence intervals in the whole region. Also, The maps of return periods, show that the ER amounts are higher in the western and central parts than the eastern part and that the accessibility of ER, varies from lower than 80 to more than 420 milimeters in the growing season in terms of various return periods and different parts of the region.
Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2011)
Abstract
Objective: In this project, our aim was to construct a novel expressing vector harboring a new sequence from overlapping region of NS3 gene of HCV from infected Iranian patient. Materials and Methods: The partial NS3 (pNS3) gene was amplified by Nested-RT-PCR method using sera of HCV infected patients harboring genotype 1a. After purification and cloning the pNS3 into TA-cloning vector, the best colony was selected based on Blue/White screening and colony-PCR following by confirmation with sequencing and restriction digestion with BglII. The sequenced gene was compared with other reference sequences using alignment softwares. The resultant pNS3 gene subcloned into the expression vector, IRES vector, followed by selection the suitable clones by 2 different colony-PCRs. The gene expression was evaluated using GFP detection, RT-PCR and western blotting techniques after transfection of the IRES-pNS3 vector into the 293 cell line. Results: After pNS3 sequence amplification by RT-PCR, sequencing results showed high homology among the sequences with other reference sequences. This result also showed that it belonged to genotype 1 of HCV. Colony-PCR showed the insertion of gene into expressing vector with the right orientation. GFP expression, RT-PCR and western blotting confirmed transfection of vector, expression of pNS3 gene and production of its protein in 293 cells respectively. Conclusion: This novel expressing vector harboring partial region of NS3 gene in compare to full NS3 gene maybe more useful in immune induction by antigen presenting cells due to absence of genes responsible for protease activity of the protein in the setting of HCV vaccine.
Volume 17, Issue 12 (2-2018)
Abstract
In this study, we tried to have investigation of elastic properties of Prefoldin nano-actuator on the microscopic scale. Prefoldin is a molecular chaperone that prevented the aggregation of misfolded proteins and it has been shown that it can also serve as a Nano-actuator (drug delivery). To this end, steered molecular dynamics simulations have been used, which investigate the theory of spring constant in the molecular test based on the theory of two springs in series. The results expressed in form of young’s modulus. The results show that Prefoldin nano actuator exhibit different behaviors at different pulling rates and to what extent of tension, each tentacle of this nano actuator remains stable. The resulting Young's modulus for the Prefoldin chains was obtained at a rate of (3-3.3 ± 0.01 Gpa). By providing the complete understanding of mechanical properties of Prefoldin nano actuator, it is possible to exact investigating of Prefoldin nano actuator applications in intelligent drug delivery and capture the pathogenic cargos.
Volume 18, Issue 2 (Summer 2014)
Abstract
Maximum temperatures affect a wide range of activities especially in the afternoon hours and warm period of the year. This paper analyses temporal and spatial variations of mean maximum temperatures and the highest temperatures in Iran by using the statistical methods within a 45-year period (1964 to 2008). Temperature zonings were performed by using raster GIS capabilities, and evaluated by various statistical tests. Also the relationships between maximum temperatures and geographical factors, as well as temperature trends, were investigated via regression equations. The results of the study revealed six different zones of maximum temperatures in Iran. Analysis of the maps and comparison of the standardized β coefficients of multivariate regression models, confirms the latitude and then the altitude significant roles in controlling the maximum temperatures, especially during the cold period of the year, along with the lowest temperature variabilities in the southern coasts. Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests indicated respectively normality of the temperatures and in most cases equality of temperature variances between zones. Also Games-Howell and Gabriel tests proved that the mean maximum temperatures among the zones have significant pairwise differences in all time scales that prove the accuracy of the zonings. Mean afternoon temperature over the country was calculated based on raster calculations at the rate of 25.3○C, which has been increased at the rate of 0.62○C compared to the last 45 years.
Volume 19, Issue 6 (11-2017)
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the major limiting factors in host plant production in the world and Iran. In this study, the effect of semi-artificial diets based on the seeds of different cultivars of white and red kidney bean, canola, soybean, and cowpea on eco-physiological parameters of H. armigera were investigated. The results showed that the shortest (22.71 days) and longest (28.94 days) development time of H. armigera was observed on cowpea cultivar Mashhad and canola cultivar Opera, respectively. The maximum immature mortality of H. armigera was on soybean cultivars M7 and Clark. Cowpea cultivar Mashhad had the highest r (0.299 day-1). The lowest level of proteolytic activity was 2.829 U mg-1 on soybean cultivar M7 for the 3rd instar larvae, 2.525 U mg-1 on soybean cultivars Crark for the 4th instar larvae, and 2.292 U mg-1 on soybean cultivar Sari for the 5th instar larvae. Nutritional indices of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and whole instar larvae of H. armigera were affected by the artificial diets, i.e. seeds of different cultivars. According to the results, semi-artificial diets containing bean seeds (specifically cowpea cultivar Mashhad and white kidney bean cultivar Daneshkadeh) were more suitable than semi-artificial diets containing soybean and canola seeds for rearing of H. armigera.
Volume 20, Issue 7 (July 2020)
Abstract
The present study is a numerical model for prediction of turbine flowmeter performance, using the equation of motion based on torque balance theory. In this model, numerical simulations were carried out for a 2-inch diameter G65 and PN/ANSI 150 gas turbine flowmeter which was made by Vemmtec Company, in steady state, using Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) model and Standard k-ε turbulence model using Fluent software. In order to model torque balance equation and calculate angular velocity of rotor, a UDF (User Defined Function) code was created and was added to the software. To evaluate the model's accuracy, simulation results were compared with experimental data which was obtained from manufacturer of the meter. The difference between the simulation results and experimental data was 0.16%, approximately, which indicates the validity of the proposed model in simulating of turbine gas flowmeter performance. The results obtained from the simulation depicted that the velocity distribution asymmetry was more than 0.4Qmax at the downstream of the meter, and because this phenomenon had no negative effect on flow measurement, the suitable length for the flow development for the downstream of meter was done using simulation at least 10 times the diameter of the pipe was proposed. Therefore, using the proposed model, the capital cost of design and optimization of turbine flowmeters can be reduced.
Volume 25, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Introduction
Drought is one of the extreme climatic phenomena that occurs in all regions of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with different intensities. In recent decades, drought has caused great damage to the economic, social, agricultural and water resources sectors. Numerous studies have been conducted in this field, each of which has achieved remarkable and practical results, and in most cases, have provided constructive solutions to adapt to this natural disaster. The purpose of this study is to monitor drought in the country using Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) indices, and to evaluate the validity of data from two global drought databases for the study of these two indices.
Methodology
In the present study, data on precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average temperature, wind speed and sunshine hours of 101 stations in a 24-year period (1992-2015) have been used. After reviewing the data, two indices, SC-PDSI and SPEI were calculated using SC-PDSI and SPEI packages in R software, and then percentage maps of years with each drought class were drawn with ArcGIS software. The Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate evapotranspiration in the SPEI index. In the next step, by comparing the computational values of the indices with the values provided by the two global databases of the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia at https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/drought/ and The Global SPEI database at https://spei.csic.es, which provide drought indices with a resolution of 0.5 by 0.5, the accuracy and validity of the data of these two databases were investigated. It should be noted that the computational values of these two indices in 101 stations were compared with the data of 99 points obtained from the database, which were the closest distances to the observation stations. These points were determined using the Euclidean distance method.
Results and Discussion
SPEI values in 3, 6, 12, and 24-month time periods showed that in all four time periods, more than 60% of the years were in the normal class, and less than 5% of the years were in the extreme drought class. The maximum cores of the two normal and extreme drought classes are located in the eastern and western parts of the country, respectively. According to the SC-PDSI, the highest percentage of years are in the normal class, and less than 4% of the years are in the extreme drought class, with the exception of a few very limited maximum cores nationwide. According to this index, the concentration of drought maximum cores has been related to the western, northwestern and to some extent the center of the country. It is noteworthy that there is a maximum core of 13% in the vicinity of Bandar Anzali. The location of the rainiest station in the country (Bandar Anzali) in the extreme drought class indicates a severe negative anomaly in the rainfall of this station. The beginning of the drought period in the SC-PDSI index was in 1999 and in the four time periods of the SPEI index in 1999 and 2000. Comparison of shows that with the exception of a few stations, there is no specific coordination between these two data sets. Thus, based on the calculated values, in all stations of the country, a higher percentage of years (48-76% of years) is in the normal class. However, according to the database values, in most stations, 50% of the years are in the normal class, and the rest of the years have been affected by mild to extreme droughts. Database index values also place more years in the extreme drought class than computational values. Comparison of computed and database extracted SPEI values also shows a similar inconsistency. According to the calculated values, more than 60% of the years are in normal condition in all stations; but in the database, the percentage of normal years at the stations fluctuates a lot and its range varies from 20 to 80% in different periods. Although the extreme drought class has formed numerous maximum cores in all periods, it has been concentrated in the western, southwestern and central regions of the country in less than 5% of the years. In the eastern half of the country, the number of years with extreme drought has been low and even zero in some cases. What can be deduced from the analysis of database values is the existence of maximum cores in the western and southern regions of the country in periods of 6, 12 and 24 months, which shows that under 20% of the years of these regions are under the control of extreme drought. In general, the values of the two indices in both databases have always been higher than the calculated values and have shown the drought to be more severe.
Conclusion
Based on the general results of this research, more than 60% of the years are in normal condition in all stations in both indices. Normal cores are located in the eastern parts of the country and drought cores are located in the western half of the country and rainy areas. The pattern observed in the maps indicates that severe and extreme droughts have occurred in parts of the country that have relatively better rainfall conditions, and changes in the amount of rainfall have led to more severe droughts.
For example, although the western half of the country receives relatively more rainfall than other regions, a slight decrease in rainfall and an increase in evapotranspiration have caused extreme droughts in at least 5% of the years. Another obvious example is the existence of the core of the extreme drought at Bandar Anzali station. Comparison of the results obtained from the calculations and the database shows that there is no coordination and spatial overlap between them in terms of drought severity and there are obvious differences in the percentage of years of each drought class. However, despite the differences between the calculated and database values, there is good temporal coordination between them.
Drought is one of the extreme climatic phenomena that occurs in all regions of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions with different intensities. In recent decades, drought has caused great damage to the economic, social, agricultural and water resources sectors. Numerous studies have been conducted in this field, each of which has achieved remarkable and practical results, and in most cases, have provided constructive solutions to adapt to this natural disaster. The purpose of this study is to monitor drought in the country using Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) indices, and to evaluate the validity of data from two global drought databases for the study of these two indices.
Methodology
In the present study, data on precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average temperature, wind speed and sunshine hours of 101 stations in a 24-year period (1992-2015) have been used. After reviewing the data, two indices, SC-PDSI and SPEI were calculated using SC-PDSI and SPEI packages in R software, and then percentage maps of years with each drought class were drawn with ArcGIS software. The Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate evapotranspiration in the SPEI index. In the next step, by comparing the computational values of the indices with the values provided by the two global databases of the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia at https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/drought/ and The Global SPEI database at https://spei.csic.es, which provide drought indices with a resolution of 0.5 by 0.5, the accuracy and validity of the data of these two databases were investigated. It should be noted that the computational values of these two indices in 101 stations were compared with the data of 99 points obtained from the database, which were the closest distances to the observation stations. These points were determined using the Euclidean distance method.
Results and Discussion
SPEI values in 3, 6, 12, and 24-month time periods showed that in all four time periods, more than 60% of the years were in the normal class, and less than 5% of the years were in the extreme drought class. The maximum cores of the two normal and extreme drought classes are located in the eastern and western parts of the country, respectively. According to the SC-PDSI, the highest percentage of years are in the normal class, and less than 4% of the years are in the extreme drought class, with the exception of a few very limited maximum cores nationwide. According to this index, the concentration of drought maximum cores has been related to the western, northwestern and to some extent the center of the country. It is noteworthy that there is a maximum core of 13% in the vicinity of Bandar Anzali. The location of the rainiest station in the country (Bandar Anzali) in the extreme drought class indicates a severe negative anomaly in the rainfall of this station. The beginning of the drought period in the SC-PDSI index was in 1999 and in the four time periods of the SPEI index in 1999 and 2000. Comparison of shows that with the exception of a few stations, there is no specific coordination between these two data sets. Thus, based on the calculated values, in all stations of the country, a higher percentage of years (48-76% of years) is in the normal class. However, according to the database values, in most stations, 50% of the years are in the normal class, and the rest of the years have been affected by mild to extreme droughts. Database index values also place more years in the extreme drought class than computational values. Comparison of computed and database extracted SPEI values also shows a similar inconsistency. According to the calculated values, more than 60% of the years are in normal condition in all stations; but in the database, the percentage of normal years at the stations fluctuates a lot and its range varies from 20 to 80% in different periods. Although the extreme drought class has formed numerous maximum cores in all periods, it has been concentrated in the western, southwestern and central regions of the country in less than 5% of the years. In the eastern half of the country, the number of years with extreme drought has been low and even zero in some cases. What can be deduced from the analysis of database values is the existence of maximum cores in the western and southern regions of the country in periods of 6, 12 and 24 months, which shows that under 20% of the years of these regions are under the control of extreme drought. In general, the values of the two indices in both databases have always been higher than the calculated values and have shown the drought to be more severe.
Conclusion
Based on the general results of this research, more than 60% of the years are in normal condition in all stations in both indices. Normal cores are located in the eastern parts of the country and drought cores are located in the western half of the country and rainy areas. The pattern observed in the maps indicates that severe and extreme droughts have occurred in parts of the country that have relatively better rainfall conditions, and changes in the amount of rainfall have led to more severe droughts.
For example, although the western half of the country receives relatively more rainfall than other regions, a slight decrease in rainfall and an increase in evapotranspiration have caused extreme droughts in at least 5% of the years. Another obvious example is the existence of the core of the extreme drought at Bandar Anzali station. Comparison of the results obtained from the calculations and the database shows that there is no coordination and spatial overlap between them in terms of drought severity and there are obvious differences in the percentage of years of each drought class. However, despite the differences between the calculated and database values, there is good temporal coordination between them.
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