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Blow flies of the subfamily Calliphorinae (Dipt.: Calliphoridae) were studied in the East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces - Iran, during 2017-2018. Six species belonging to three genera were identified of which the genera Bellardia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863; Cynomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and four species Bellardia pandia (Walker, 1849); Bellardia viarum (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830); Bellardia vulgaris (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) and Cynomya mortuorum (Linnaeus, 1761) are new records for the Iran insect fauna. A review of Iranian species of the subfamily Calliphorinae is provided.

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Mosaic is presumably the most commonly encountered viral disease in roses. We have developed chemo-thermotherapy for eliminating Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) from rose plants. Chemotherapy and thermotherapy methods were also applied separately and their antiviral effect compared with the chemo-thermotherapy. In this procedure, infected explants were regenerated on MS medium containing ribavirin at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg/l for 20 and 40 days, followed by a thermotherapy treatment for 30 days at 38 °C for 16 hours and 22 °C for 8 hours per day. The complex of rose viruses (ArMV and PNRSV) were effectively eradicated from regenerated rose plantlets as verified by double- antibody sandwich enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Thermotherapy alongside with chemotherapy (containing 30 mg/l per one month) during the period of four weeks was the best treatment for plantlet regeneration and virus elimination. The virus elimination efficiency from ArMV, PNRSV and ArMV + PNRSV infected plants were determined as 63.33%, 90.09% and 85.18%, respectively. A detailed procedure for elimination of mixed viruses is described.
 

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       This research seeks to find, which of NP and DP’s models may accurately describe the relationship between the head and its dependent(s), based on minimalism in Persian language. The method of study is descriptive-analytic. This study was performed by comparing English sources with Persian ones. The samples were selected by the intuition of the researcher in a way that aspects of differences between these two models can be shown. We contrasted the data based on two models, the traditional model which takes N as the head of the phrase and the new model in which the head of the phrase is a determiner and NP is a complement headed by “D”. By analyzing of NPs, tree diagrams were drawn by comparing the aforementioned models we concluded that DP model represent a better description of the head-dependent relations, and NP model can be replaced by the DP to draw structural relationships of sentences.  

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 Importing the pragmatic theories of ‘politeness’ (Brown and Levinson, 1987) and ‘impoliteness’ (Culpeper, 1996) into the domain of literary studies, this article intends to investigate politeness and impoliteness strategies used  in ten highly acknowledged Persian youngsters’ novels published from 2002 to 2012. For a novel to be included in the samples it should not be translation; most of its events should be narrated through dialogues; and that it should have won the majority of prizes for youngsters’ literature. This article addresses two central research questions: (1) How is the characters’ uses of politeness and impoliteness strategies in peer-group and non-peer-group vary? (2) In general, which strategies (politeness strategies or impoliteness strategies) are more frequently used by characters in Persian-speaking Youngsters’ Novels? The results, came by Chi-Square test, demonstrate that the characters in Persian youngsters’ novels are more inclined to using impolite strategies in peer-group interactions compared to non-peer-group interactions and that characters, in general, make more use of politeness strategies than impoliteness strategies.  

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World literature is a reaction against unfulfillment and diminished satisfaction hereby national literature to be existed so. The vivid fulfillment is a solid world people and hidden one is a superiority and national excess as a matched hope of aims in this way. A solvtion of result is a coefficency among world literates to be gained by colture instrument beside of language and literature.
Goetheś aspects in this view of world literature is a reaction of thoughts, aims and events through his days of life hence, those are many and much continuously canged. The essay to be fronted is trying to survey these Goetheś aspects towards world literature and his demands fulfilled from world literature as his situation to be matched by borders and know how to be accomplished
 

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Since there is no special reading and writing book for the Persian children with autism and also their cognitive and linguistic abilities are different, the investigation of the effective factors on their reading skill is an important step for evaluating and modifying their using pedagogical books. In the other hand, Persian language has a different orthography and grapheme–phoneme correspondence from other languages (English, Italian...), so the effect of phonological awareness in it΄s reading is also different. Therefore, it’s necessary to identify the correlation between phonological awareness and reading in Persian children with autism. In this research, 26 children with autism and 30 normal Persian children living in Tehran were participated. Two tests (phonological awareness and reading) were performed and the results were analyzed by statistical tests. Results showed that in the group with autism, there is a meaningful correlation between word reading and phoneme combination and same first Phoneme recognition, and between non word reading and alliteration, phoneme segmentation, first and final phoneme deletion. In control group, there is a significant correlation between word reading (and non-word reading) and the onset and rhyme awareness, phonemic awareness, alliteration, same first phonemes, first phoneme and middle phoneme deletion. Also, there is a significant difference between the children with autism and control group in all subtests except for the syllable segmentation (0.075) and phoneme combination (0.163). Therefore, the degree of skill and correlation in the children with autism is different from the normal children and this should be noticed seriously in teaching reading.
 

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Research showed that in some languages, speakers accent new referents and deaccent given referents. The research also indicated that the pitch accent type used to mark accessible referents is like that used to accent given referents. The goal of the present study was to investigate the different pitch accent patterns used to mark different information status (new, given, accessible and identifiable) in the narrative discourse of the monolingual Persian- speaking adults. Moreover, since no research has been done on the intonational patterns of accessible and identifiable referents in Persian, pitch accent and intonational pattern of these referents were also investigated. To these aims, 10 monolingual Persian-speaking adults were encouraged to narrate stories based on 8 picture stories in which information status of referents were carefully controlled. The stories were labeled to determine whether they included target words, full NP, pronouns. The subjects’ pitch accent patterns were identified using Praat software. Findings of the study revealed that the most frequent accent types used to mark new, given and accessible referents were  L+(H*) H+(L*) and H*+L respectively. It was also found out that there was no specific accent type to mark identifiable referents in Persian. Based on the results, it could be suggested that there was a specific relationship between information status and pitch accent types in the subjects’ narrative discourse.
 

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Johan Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), a reflective thinker and speaker from Germany, firstly announced the world group of literature words in May 1827. His speech in demand of world literature has become an essence for writing and speaking among those world philosophers who were researchers of literature in that time. There are many gaps to be fulfilled on this subject matter. In the same way, the original demand of his direct willing in making world literature has not been reached to a certain result. At last, the following research on the bases of disputed conversations, biographies (self-writing and others), letters, and his essays could be the sources in the fulfillment of Goethe’s point of view about world literature. It is no doubt that Goethe's point of view and other thinkers and speakers from Germany in the decades of 18th and 19^th centuries could be a means for other nations and countries in the way of gathering world literature considering awareness, sympathy, and preservation of the great combination of world literature basically in relation to Europe and Germany in that time. In the following research, considering a historical creation in the way of comparative literature, the original demand of Goethe about world literature was investigated

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Phase Theory has been proposed as the latest achievement of the minimalist program to optimize syntactic computation of language.The purpose of this paper is to study and analyze of Ardalani Kurdish data and to what extent phase theory is useful in explaning the clitic hosts in Ardalani Kurdish. we showed that the explanation of  clitic  agreement  in Ardalani would follow the principle of phase impenetrability condition . Data collection was based on field methods, library and the use of researcher language intuition. We also showed through a descriptive –analytical method based on theoretical framework of Citko (2014), the derivation of the phase of transitive single object phrases in Ardalani. The clitic hosts are limited to the complement of VP core in the first phase. Therefore, the elements that are in this range can be a good host for the matching word closure. Therefore the direct object and the non-passive component of the compound verb would be the best choice for the clitic. The clitic can also choose object-dependent adjectives and adverbs as hosts, provided that these elements are limited to the first phase. In this case, the clitic systematically selects these elements as the host. We also, by examining of the construction of adverbs, showed that there is restriction on the selection of adverbs and they are locally restricted. Whenever they are in the complement of the first phase, clitic will select them, but when they are outside the first phase, they can not be selected as hosts, and if selected, the sentence will be crashed. Finally, we concluded that phase theory is capable of explaining the clitic hosts in Ardalani
 
 1. Introduction
Phase Theory has been proposed as the latest achievement of the minimalist program to optimize syntactic computation of language. At the end of each phase, part of the syntactic structure already formed, will be transferred to the phonological and semantic componant. Ultimately, according to the impenetrability condition(Chomsky 2000), only the head and specifier of the phase will be visible to further syntactic operations. This dissertation aims to study and analyze the Ardalani Kurdish data and to find that in what extent , the phase theory is valid in explaining the distribution of clitic hosts in Ardalani Kurdish. we showed that the explanation of  clitic  agreement  in Ardalani would follow the principle of phase impenetrability condition . Data collection was based on field and library methods and the use of the researcher intuition. Through a descriptive –analytical method based on the theoretical framework of Citko (2014), this research is focused at the study of the derivation of transitive single and double object structures in Ardalani. Accordingly, the clitic hosts are limited to the complement of VP core in the first phase. Therefore, the elements that are in this range can be an appropriate host for the agreement clitic. Therefore, the direct object and the non-verbal component of the compound verb would be the best choice for the clitic. The clitic can also choose object-dependent adjectives and adverbs as hosts, provided that these elements are limited to the first phase. In this case, the clitic systematically selects these elements as the host.In this respect, adverbs are locally restricted on the selection of their hosts. Whenever advebs are in the domain of the complement of the first phase, clitics will select them, but when they are outside the first phase, like manner adverbs, they would not be selected as a host, and if they are selected, the sentence will be crashed and ungrammatical. As a result, we concluded that phase theory is adequate to explain how the clitics choose their hosts in Ardalani kurdish variety.
 

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Objective: In this project, our aim was to construct a novel expressing vector harboring a new sequence from overlapping region of NS3 gene of HCV from infected Iranian patient. Materials and Methods: The partial NS3 (pNS3) gene was amplified by Nested-RT-PCR method using sera of HCV infected patients harboring genotype 1a. After purification and cloning the pNS3 into TA-cloning vector, the best colony was selected based on Blue/White screening and colony-PCR following by confirmation with sequencing and restriction digestion with BglII. The sequenced gene was compared with other reference sequences using alignment softwares. The resultant pNS3 gene subcloned into the expression vector, IRES vector, followed by selection the suitable clones by 2 different colony-PCRs. The gene expression was evaluated using GFP detection, RT-PCR and western blotting techniques after transfection of the IRES-pNS3 vector into the 293 cell line. Results: After pNS3 sequence amplification by RT-PCR, sequencing results showed high homology among the sequences with other reference sequences. This result also showed that it belonged to genotype 1 of HCV. Colony-PCR showed the insertion of gene into expressing vector with the right orientation. GFP expression, RT-PCR and western blotting confirmed transfection of vector, expression of pNS3 gene and production of its protein in 293 cells respectively. Conclusion: This novel expressing vector harboring partial region of NS3 gene in compare to full NS3 gene maybe more useful in immune induction by antigen presenting cells due to absence of genes responsible for protease activity of the protein in the setting of HCV vaccine.

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Aspect is one of the most important structural and semantic features of the verbs. the ‘durative phrase’ and its effect on the aspectual interpretation of different verbs is amongst important issues in surveying lexical aspect too. In order to determine the effect of durative phrase on the aspectual interpretation of sentences which include achievement and accomplishment, the present research aims to analyze aspectual interpretation of telic predicates (achievement and accomplishment) in the presence of the durative phrase in Persian. The results of the analysis based on MacDonald’s (2008) approach and within the Minimalist Program framework showed that appending durative phrase to reversible achievements and cyclic achievements leads to end-time interpretation while its presence in overthrowing irreversible achievement leads to atelic single event interpretation. The analyzing of accomplishment predicates showed that, like achievement predicates, the effect of the presence of durative phrase not only depends on the quantitative and non-quantitative feature of the object but also it depends on the nature in terms of reversibility or irreversibility.

1. Introduction
In different languages of the world, aspect is one of the most important structural and semantic features of the verb which encodes in different ways. In domain studies of aspects, linguists distinguish between grammatical and lexical aspects. The lexical aspect which is the intrinsic and semantic feature of the verb refers to the time structure of the event but the grammatical aspect appears in the surface sentence and shows the viewpoint of the speaker toward the sentence time structure. According to lexical aspect, verbs are divided into four groups. State and activity predicate which are telic and achievement and accomplishment predicate which are atelic. “Durative phrase” and its effect on aspectual interpretation is one of the topics which are mentioned in surveying the verb aspectual interpretations. The main goal of the current research is surveying the aspectual interpretation of achievement and accomplishment which are telic predicates in the presence of a durative phrase and what is the effect of adding a durative phrase on the sentence which contains achievement and accomplishment predicates. Surveying this topic will be done according to Mac Donald’s approach (2008) which has been mentioned in the Minimalist Program General Framework.

1.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses
The main question that this research tries to answer is what is the effect of adding a durative phrase on the achievement and accomplishment predicates? The primary hypothesis is the durative phrase is compatible with both achievement and accomplishment telic predicates.

2. Literature Review
Non–Iranian researchers like Alsina (1999), Ramchand (2003), borer (2005), Thompson (2006) and MacDonald (2008) have presented different syntactic and semantic analyses of lexical aspects. Mainly Iranian researchers have classified verbs based on their event and aspectual structure in Persian.  According to reviewed research, research about aspectual interpretation of achievement and accomplishment predicates in the presence of durative phrases hasn’t been surveyed in Persian yet.
 
3. Methodology
The methodology of this research is analytic-descriptive. For this purpose, in this research, we scrutinized the effect of durative phrases in Persian sentences that contain achievement and accomplishment predicates in the Minimalist Approach Framework.

4. Results
The result of this research shows that appending durative phrase to reversible achievements and cyclic achievements leads to end-time interpretation while its presence in overthrowing irreversible achievement leads to atelic single event interpretation. However, destructive irreversible achievements and some overthrowing irreversible achievements that have momentary nature aren’t compatible with durative phrases. The analysis of accomplishment predicates shows that, like achievement predicates, the effect of the presence of a durative phrase not only depends on the quantitative and non-quantitative features of the object, but also depends on the nature in terms of reversibility or irreversibility.  Against Mac Donald’s overgeneralization, there are some exceptions and violation cases about the aspectual interpretation of accomplishment predicates in the Persian language.  Finally, according to the impact of internal arguments and the nature of predicates, the presence of a durative phrase is effective on the aspectual interpretation of achievement and accomplishment predicates.

 

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Objective: This study attempted to generate monospecific antibodies through immunization with recombinant proteins and subsequent purification by synthetic peptides (the PrIPeP model).

Methods: The SRY gene was cloned on a pet-28a vector and the recombinant protein was expressed in the Escherichia coli (E.coli) BL21 strain. The purified antigen was emulsified in Freund’s adjuvant and injected into rabbits according to a standard time table. Then, a specific peptide was designed, synthesized, and conjugated to sepharose 4B to generate an affinity purification column. As a control, the peptide was conjugated to KLH and used for immunization, as above. Antisera against the conjugated peptide (Pep-antisera) and SRY recombinant protein (Pro-antisera) were evaluated by ELISA and subsequently subjected to the affinity purification column. Sensitivity and specificity of the purified antibodies against SRY recombinant protein as well as negative controls (recombinant HSFY, RBMY, and RPSFY) were assessed by Western blot analysis.

Results: Titration by ELISA confirmed proper immunization and specificity of both antigens. Western blot analysis validated the specificity and sensitivity of the IgG class purified antibodies.

Conclusion: By applying the PrIPeP model, it is possible to develop antibodies against the native structure of a protein whilst avoiding challenges of peptide-carrier protein conjugation.

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Compulsive buying is named the dark side of consumer behavior because it brings about long-term consequences such as debt, depression and family debates. Studies have shown that the compulsive buying is influenced by money attitude. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of money attitude on compulsive buying of youth. The required data was collected through questionnaires. The unlimited statistical population of this study included the young customers at modern Yazd malls, and the sample was determined 113 using Cochran’s formula. The collected data was analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) using PLS and SPSS softwares. This study is applicable and is regarded as a correlation study. The results indicated that money attitude, dimensions of power-prestige and anxiety has significant and positive effect on the compulsive buying, dimensions of retention-time and distrust has significant and negative effect on the compulsive buying.

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: Salafism and Sufism are two old Islamic movements that have had major conflicts throughout the history of Islam, which were mainly related to aspects of adherence to and respect for Islamic law and jurisprudence and different interpretations of religious texts. Simultaneously, these two movements have also had some interactions with each other, and there have emerged some individuals or groups who have combined a number of the manifestations of Sufi practices and actiond with those of Salafi and thus creating Salafi Sufism or Sufi Salafism. The Central Asian region is the cradle of a great number of Sufi orders. It has delivered great mystics to the Islamic society. Moreover, several signs of Sufism can be observed in its people’s general culture. However, the people’s inclination towards Islam at the time of liberation from the yoke of communism and the formation of Islamic groups and parties – who wanted Islam to play a greater role in governing the society – besides some countries’ cultural and propaganda exercise, it has led to the creation of various Salafi groups in the region. Naturally, Salafi’s entry into Central Asia’s mystical culture paves the way for the creation and growth of a discourse that has nurtured a combination of Salafism and Sufism in itself. The present study examines the Salafi Sufis in Central Asia and the Sufi-Salafi interactions in this region. Although there are many references on Sufism and Salafism in Central Asia, no independent reference on Salafi Sufism was found in the land.