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Contextualism refers to an approach to urban planning, which considers the city in its totality. It also emphasizes on the role of social, cultural, geographical and historical influences on individual development, because of the increasing interest in understanding environment in post-modernist architecture. It is also the degree to which new architecture is sensitive to its site and location. It farther varies from building to building and place to place. Moreover, architecture in context is neither a brief attention nor a radical innovation; rather it is a strong and expressive visual relationship to the surroundings. Individual building is always seen first as a part of the whole. Creating places and spaces that enrich the lives of the people who use them is the foundation of architect’s work. Every building can and should engage in a dialogue with the history, beliefs and needs of a particular place and time. In fact, current architecture in metropolitans of Iran including Tehran has an attitude based on ignoring the environment and the context of projects, including climate, history, geography, culture, etc. This attitude leads contemporary architecture to a sort of chaos and disorder. It also brings about contemporary architecture to lose its distinctiveness, besides increasing tendency and willingness of young generation of architects to imitate foreign works and projects without any attempt to adjust them to the context and environment of local projects. It means that this attitude can face contemporary architecture with a serious danger and threat, which enjoys no identity and character. The aim of this paper is to elaborate how correct and effective designing approaches in contextual architectural design can be obtained in architectural studios in order to provide designing with a dialogue to their context and environment, to have more successful designing, and also to illustrate a clear vision for contemporary architecture. Design studios in Iran, where architectural design lessons are being taught, are the main and fundamental part of architectural education. Considering that most of undergraduate students in Iranian architectural departments are ignoring the context without paying attention to its influences in their designing, we are going to figure out how context can be reflected and used in architectural designs in this paper. For this purpose, architectural designs in 4 different studios including Educational space, Cinema, Hospital, and Residential Space in Sooreh University in two semesters during a year (2009-2010); were evaluated among 20 groups, which were divided into two controlled and uncontrolled units. The evaluation was based on 9 examinations, which the authors had already extracted from the architectural designing principles. It is worth mentioning that the only difference between those two units (controlled and uncontrolled) was the constructed site model that the controlled units could adjust and adapt their designing to. Final evaluation, which was the average score of each designing group in each examination, showed that controlled unit’s designing gathered higher score; consequently, their approach in designing was more successful and effective. It means that contextualized approaches in studios can improve architectural designing and result with architecture in context. In addition, professors at architectural departments should pay more attention to the context and environment and their role in designing process. They further should integrate their teaching with contextualism. To this end, they may utilize many innovative solutions including a model of the project site.

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Six species of pteromalid wasps associated with plant galls, Rosa beggeriana Schrenk,  Ephedra major Host and Salix pycnostachya Andersson were collected from Kerman province, during 2010-2011. The identified wasps belong to four genera: Caenacis Förster, 1856, Gastrancistrus  Westwood, 1833, Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833, and Pteromalus Swederus, 1795. Three species are newly recorded for the Iranian fauna: Gastrancistrus ephedrae Dzhanokmen, 1994 (Pireninae), Pteromalus cyniphidis (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. dolichurus (Thomson, 1878) (Pteromalinae). Gastrancistrus ephedrae is associated with an unknown species of insect on E. major, P. bedeguaris (Thomson, 1878) with Diplolepis fructuum (Rübsaamen, 1882) (Hym.: Cynipidae) on R. beggeriana, P. cyniphidis and P. dolichurus with an unknown species of insect in leaf galls on S. pycnostachya, and Caenacis cf. inflexa and Mesopolobus sericeus with D. fructuum on R. beggeriana. Three new biological associations were found: M. sericeus with D. fructuum, and P. cyniphidis and P. dolichurus with S. pycnostachya. Short taxonomic comments, hosts and geographical distribution of the species are briefly mentioned.

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Today’s study of the common effect condition on color revolution in target countries is one of the important issues on political sociology. In this paper, we used the John Stewart Mill’s method for finding the common cause factors. These factors are social movement, civil institutions, political culutres in societies, structures, national and international situation of government and hegemony power inventing. They have an important role in the of achievement color revolution. In this paper, we used new social movement theories, mass public behavioral theories and revolution theories through comparative analysis of the most important factors in color revolution on target countries. Then we compared the same factors in the condition of Iranian society. The results indicated that Iranian society suffers for the following: miss trust, lock of team work behavior, weakness of civil institutions development, incomplete modernization expeperience, and lack of preparedness for accepting the structural changes. Also, due to lack of strong opposition power and other factors, the probability of color revolution in Iran is very weak.

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Asbads are a type of windmill with vertical axis which are considered as the oldest windmills in the world. These mills have been constructed in pre-Islamic eras in Sistan and southern part of Khorasan. From a long time ago, Sistan has been considered as the Iran’s store of wheat. Climate and appropriate soil along with the water of big Hirmand River have provided an appropriate situation for agricultural farms and particularly for wheat. As said, Sistan had been known as a wheat store of Iran. 120-day wind of Sistan is a natural feature of Sistan region. In this region, in the second half of warm season, when wheat is being harvested, vigorous winds start to blow. All of these characteristics provide the situation for constructing the Asbads which are considered as a great innovative production. In this regard there are different evidences which show that the oldest windmills are built at the east of Iran and in Sistan area. Main building of Asbad includes a two-storey building in which upper storey is usually open-ended. Moreover half of the building which is subjected to the wind is constructed completely open and the other half is completely enclosed. The part which is behind the wind side is also entirely open. Asbads have had an important role in past people’s livelihood and also is a sample of combination of traditional architecture with the needs of ecology which is considered as eco-friendly energy. Regarding to the Asbads’ unique characteristic, functional and esthetics features, recognizing them is of special importance. The concern in this research is to know how many groups traditional windmills or Asbads in Sistan are divided to, where they spread in Iran and what are the different types of them? More of the Asbads of Iran have been located in east and south-east of Iran where valuable winds blow during the whole year. Different types of 120-day winds blow in north of Sistan and south of Khorasan in second half of warm season. Asbads with traditional and domestic style provide opportunity for residents to utilize renewable energies. Different types of Asbads have spread all over “big Sistan” which are constructed differently according to the circumstances and ability of residents. Due to this fact, some of them have simple and rural forms and the others are more complicated. However, their functions are the same but their sizes and their efficiencies are different. Studies show that we can break Asbads down into the three groups such as simple Asbads, cylinder Asbads and corridor ones.

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Light has got the prominent significance in the Iranian beliefs throughout the history. Insistence on the light sanctity originates from the religious doctrines of pre-Islamic era (Zoroastrian beliefs) which was emphasized in the Islamic era and especially Islamic Sufism. Overall, in most religions light is the symbol of Divine Wisdom and the element of all goodness and purity; so going from darkness to brightness has been the main goal of life. Since the religion, mysticism and culture throughout the Iranian history have always been in direct relationship with the architecture of each era, the Iranian architecture has always strived to give the interior a kind of spiritual atmosphere and since no sign like the light does symbolize or manifest Divine Unity, the Islamic artists have strived to use the light in their works to make them much closer to the source of spirituality. Paying attention to light is considered as one of the most prominent features of Iranian traditional architecture, which influenced most of its structural and conceptual patterns. The construction of light-openings in the buildings such as masjids, bazaars, madrasas, and caravanserais, as the Iranian outstanding monuments, proves this very point. The Iranian master-mimars’ strategies to create the light-openings in the domes has been taken into consideration through this study. To this end, the light-openings’ exact location, according to the domes’ structural properties have been analyzed. Next, based on the foursome classification of the domes, the research theoretical framework has been determined, and the case-studies have been studied meticulously; through applying the case-studies and the combined research methods. According to the achieved results, the light-openings of the Iranian brick domes have been located at four distinguished areas, including: 1- the dome’s top, 2- the dome’s curve, 3- the dome’s shekargah and 4- the dome’s drum. Moreover, because of the structural limitations of each type of dome, the constructional techniques have played the pivotal role at locating the light-openings in the domes.  

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To investigate the effect of droughtstress on chlorophyll content, enzymatic responses and some growth characteristics of Acacia victoriae seedlings and the effect of super-absorbent polymers (SAP) in reducing drought stress, a split plot experiment based on the completely randomized design was conducted. The treatments included four levels of drought stress (15, 30, 60 and 100% of field capacity) and four levels of SAP (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% weight percentages). The results of ANOVA showed a significant effect of drought stress on all growth characters, chlorophyll content and catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity, while the SAP didn't show any significant effect on the weight and areas of the leaves. The interaction effect between drought stress and SAP on the weight, number of leaves, proportion of root dry weight to aerial organs, chlorophyll and peroxidase enzyme activity was also significant. The effect of drought stress on reducing the number of the leaves, leaf area, length, volume and surface of roots and also increasing the root dry weight to aerial organs dry weight ratio, amount of chlorophyll and activity of antioxidant enzymes was significant. The different levels of SAP could absorb and hold water and consequently reduce the effect of drought stress and improve the growth characteristics and reduce the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes.

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Background: Masske is a traditional Iranian butter made from yoghurt. The first aim of this study was to isolate and identify the nonlactic pathogenic microflora by culture and molecular methods of identification, and the second purpose was to identify genetic similarity of the isolated bacteria in Masske.
Materials and Methods: In order to detect pathogenic dominant indicator microorganisms, a number of 150 bacterial isolates from three Masske samples, which may comprise the repetitive isolates and could grow on appropriate media for Staphylococci and E.coli, were classified into 8 groups according to their phenotypic characterization followed by chemical tests. Then 2approximately similar isolates from each group were chosen (total 18 isolates; we selected 3 isolates from 2 groups of eight), and the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was done for subsequent analysis.
Results: Among 18 bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus hominis was the most frequently isolated species during the manufacture of Masske as the presence of this bacterium was confirmed in 14 out of 18 samples. Also, the presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli was identical across the samples (for each one, 2 out of 18).
Conclusion: Our results based on cultural and molecular methods suggest making some improvements to the hygiene of Masske manufacture due to the high population of minor pathogens.

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Tyrosinase also known as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a copper-containing mono-oxygenase, which is responsible for melanization in animals and the enzymatic browning of fruits. It displays two distinct enzymatic activities: hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols (monophenolase activity) and oxidation of the latter to o-quinones (diphenolase activity). The inhibition of tyrosinase is very important and encourages us to takes special attempts to search for new inhibitors. For the first time in the present study, the effects of 2-nitroaniline (a), 3-nitroaniline (b) and 4-nitroaniline (c) as well as their newly synthesized vanillin derivatives (2-nitrobenzenaminium 4-formil-2-metoxyphenolate (d), 3-nitrobenzenaminium 4-formil-2- metoxyphenolate (e) and 4-nitrobenzen aminium 4-formil-2-metoxyphenolate (f)) were studied on the oxidation of dopamine hydrochloride by mushroom tyrosinase. Among them, 4-nitroaniline (c) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, while acted as an activator. For these compounds, the IC50 follows the order of b> f= a> e> c. Compounds a, b and f were competitive while c and e were un-competitive inhibitors. The results indicated that the relative positioning of amino and nitro groups is important in the inhibition of the enzyme.

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Presently, energy suppliment is considered as a pivotal economic and political characteristic in government; so that, an increasing trend in energy price appears in countries namely Iran due to energy resources limitation and increasing costs in extraction and exploitation. Therefore, parallel to efforts made to tackle the energy upgrading costs and lackness, improving energy efficiency and conservation in buildings are considered as main solutions to address the problem. Addition to applying thermal insulation in buildings, it is extremely significant to emplement energy-efficient strategies and approaches to decrease energy transfer rate in construction sector. Undoubtedly, following approaches positively influence buildings energy balance over a year. Directly influenced by climatic condition, building elements specifically, roofs, play an important role in heat transfer rate in a structure There are thermal exchange between roof and ambient temperature including: 1) Heating ignorence 2) Heating absorption 3) and finally solar reflectance). Furthermore, roof coverings compose a large area of buildings envelope; accordingly, it has a major impact on energy consumption and thermal comfort even considering construction roofs area in urban scale. Regarding to previous research experiences, there is a large scope of data on buildings envelope details to level down energy consumption; however, less studies are devoted to building elements shape to formally analyze energy consuming. The following paper develops the studies on roofs shape thermal behavior based on building heating load; while it uses a computerized simulation methodology as an alternative to field-based research. The simulation weather date is based on Isfahan city, in Iran. Modeled and analysed four roof covering types (flat roof, domed roof, pitched roof (30°-60°), pitched roof 45°), the final result shows that however the flat shape roof appears in an appropriate thermal performance, (30°-60°) pitched covering (mostly faced to the south in terms of surface) is regarded as the most energy-effecient form in Isfahan hot and dry climate area while domed shape roof appears in mostly inefficient sample to apply as covering in the area owing to most surface area. Moreover, the graphs show that applying thermal insulation as a layer in different roof shapes, remarkably decreases heating load over a montly simulation.

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The present research was planned to evaluate the skill of linear stochastic models known as ARIMA and multiplicative Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model in the quantitative forecasting of the Standard Runoff Index (SRI) in Karkheh Basin. To this end, SRI was computed in monthly and seasonal time scales in 10 hydrometric stations in 1974-75 to 2012-13 period of time and then the modeling of SRI time series was done to forecast the one to six months of lead-time and up to two seasons of lead-time. The SRI values related to 1974-75 to 1999-2000 were used to develop the model and the residual data (2000-2001 to 2012-13) were used in model validation. In the validation stage, the observed and the predicted values of SRI were compared using correlation coefficient, error criteria and statistical tests. Finally, models skills were determined in view point of forecasting of lead-time and the time scale of drought evaluation. Results showed that the model accuracy in forecasting two months and one season of lead-time was high. In terms of the forecasting of SRI values, the skill of SARIMA in monthly time scale (with a RMSE and a MAE of 0.61 and 0.45 respectively and a correlation coefficient average of 0.72) was better than its skill in seasonal time scale. The application of SARIMA in monthly time scale was therefore preferred to its application in seasonal time scale.

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Mirza AbolghasemGhaemMaghamFarahani is considered as the last great classical writer in the old method of Persian prose. The main task done by this tasteful minister was rescuing the prose from the maze of prevalent phraseology in the Safavi and Timurid eras. He planted the seedlings of the initial deviation from the conventional way of writing an artifact and grandiose, and of low content prose at those days. His presence may be a turning point in the history of Persian prose as his absence may lead to create no change in the authorship in the Constitution. In fact, he declined the poetic repetitive affidavits, tough terms, complex themes, metaphors and implicit similes sometimes used aberrantly. Using slangs, slogans and public proverbs considered as features resulting in the author detraction and degradation as well as approaching the prose to the natural, exact and simple writing. Flavoring intimacy to the literary and secretary writings, he helped to emerge simple writings like those works written by Naserodin Shah and Dehkhoda. Using proverbs, expressions and allegories gives dynamic features to GhaemMaghan’s writings, in general, and his manuscripts in particular. Relying on his own taste and grace, he used prevalent expressions and way of writing in a rhythmic and literary form to state his age issues as his fugleman, the Golestan’sowner. This paper aims at considering slangs in GhaemMagham’s manuscripts from a linguistic perspective with emphasize on using slangs as one of the features and methods in simple writings. It explores them in different aspects: simple substances, interpretations, allegorical compounds, proverbs and poems. It is worthy to mention that these matters are general subjects covering the other minor issues such as oath, addressing, devotion, desire, pleading and so on. Finally, statistics were presented in table form this category quantitatively

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Fair assessment of language proficiency and use is one of the challenges language assessment experts have faced. In Iran, according to the parliament’s ‘Act of Student Admission to Universities’, University Entrance Examination (UEE) should be gradually substituted by the students’ schooling backgrounds mostly reflected in their high school exam performances. In spite of this upcoming change, however, various English language exams students take during high school have not been assessed in terms of their ethical effects. In the present study, 80 students who had graduated from high school determined the degree to which teacher-made exams in the second grade and pre-university level, national third-grade exam and English part of UEE can be regarded as fair. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA. In addition, the contents of students’ essay-type responses to the items of another questionnaire were analyzed and qualitative data were collected. The results showed the extent to which students could remember cases of unfair assessment associated with each type of high school English exam. It was finally concluded that the English part of UEE and national English exam are perceived as the most ethical forms of assessment. It also seems that authentic assessment of the language, which is the most noticeable in the pre-university English examination can contribute positively to fair assessment. The findings can be utilized for filling the fairness gap after UEE is removed from the educational system.

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Aims: Efficiency as a cultural index can be defined as the comfort resulting from the proper arrangement of components and the connection point between form and function; which plays an important role in adding quality to the space. Such an attitude to design; It is an attempt to obtain a model of valuable previous architecture to measure sustainability and discover the grammar of space in order to create works for the future of architecture.
Methods: The current research is a kind of documentary research, based on the use of data of valuable models of the past, which, by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzes the concept of efficiency in the structure of function and form in native Qajar houses of Isfahan.
Findings: Most of the massing has been done in the north (public spaces), west (service spaces), south (private spaces) and east (service spaces) fronts, respectively. Also, the data obtained from Ecotect software shows that the best direction in Isfahan city is between 17.5 degrees southwest and 22.5 degrees southeast. However, the frequency of Isfahan Orientation in the native Qajar houses of Isfahan is very low, and the emphasis is on the orientation in the north-south direction, and the southeast or southwest of it has not been given much attention.
Conclusion: The configuration of the space, the amount of received energy and the visual communication of the environment (sight) are among the indicators that affect the efficiency, which is understood by the way of massing, spatial relations and spatial proportions.

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Muhtasham-e Kāshani (935-996/ 1528-1588) is called Khāqāni-e sāni because of his well-made and strong odes which resemble Anvari’s and Khāqāni’s, and also Hassān-e al-ajam because of his enthusiastic elegy on Imam Hussein. But the innovative dimension of his style, which is rarely recognized by the stylisticians and literary historians, is mostly manifested in his rasāyel (Jalālieh and Naql-e oshāq) not in his sonnets and odes. These two essays or rasāyel, which are unique because of their lyrical-narrative structure and their explanation of realistic and vāsookhti experiments, are not even referred to in the studies of Voqu' and Vāsookht schools. Muhtasham has combined a prose narration of realistic love with extemporaneous sonnets (and sometimes with other poetic forms) and has created a different literary genre. The present article tries to introduce this unknown genre and to explain the structural and stylistic features of this kind of lyrical narration in Muhtasham’s rasāyel.

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Aims: Today, the use of artificial intelligence has grown significantly, and is developing as a new field. The main goal of this research is to know the capabilities of artificial intelligence in advancing the design and implementation process in the artificial environment. The practical goal of research is the development and application of the most important achievements of machine learning in the field of design.
Methods: The main research method is "meta-analysis" research in the paradigm of "free research" with a critical approach and basic design, which examines the general knowledge field of this field using broad techniques. Then, to consolidate the literature on the topic, through searching three reliable knowledge bases of this field, we collected articles related to machine learning in the fields of unsupervised learning methods, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning; The most important capacities and shortcomings, and strengths and weaknesses are reviewed.
Findings: Quantitative findings from the combined data indicate that supervised machine learning and directed deep learning can be the best option to recommend in the future of design. While the learning process in deep learning is gradual and slower, supervised machine learning works faster in the testing phase.
Conclusion: The research emphasizes that supervised machine learning is the best option for predicting answers in the design process. But if, in addition to prediction, the issue of creativity in design is desired, deep learning is more efficient.

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The narrator is a fundamental concept in analyse of the narrative texts and Focalization as an interstitial element, from one side connecte to the story and the characters and from other sid connecte to the narrator's speech. Pari Saberis leili o majnoon in dramatic persian Literature and Ahmed Shoghis majnoon leili in Dramatic Arabic Literature Dramatic as other dramatic text consists of dialogue and scene descriptions. Saberi and Shoghi in the dialogue, hide themselves behind his personality that creates and contrast in a scene description directly speak to their readers and give them different information to better understand the interaction and to better visualize . Thus we can say that found both the External and Internal focalization in leili o majnoon and majnoon leili. in the description of the scene, the author does external focalization and in dialogue by the plays characters Internal focalization is done. However, the considerable differences in the model of internal focalization and focalized phrase of these two works connect to the modern and classic plays and playwriters ideology and gender.

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In this study, we have investigated Sam battles; the hero of Sam Nameh; applying structural research methodology. To this goal, at first , the collection of battles have been categorized in five agents such as subject , battle’s motif , battle adversary, adjuvants , and the results of battle. Then, by summarizing table data, we reached nine total conclusions related to the battle’s structure of this poems. At the next step, by reducing these nine conclusions, we obtained three general formula. The main function of Sam nameh hero’s battles is to highlight an exaggerated hero who is always victorious. In a non-linear study and regarding sender / motif pairs, the progress of battles is separable. The first class includes hero’s battles from beginning of the story till his departure to the land of Shadad A’d and then his battles with the king of china and his army by the motif of love.    
Second class has been devoted to the collection of hero’s battles with regard to religious motifs and other marginal factors. Also, Sam Nameh hero’s is an independent actant who do not obey any king. Considering this fact and absence of no national motif , it is possible to say that Sam Nameh is not an epic work , rather this is a love story whose poet intervention in order to shape a an affected discourse has made it an exclusive work with special structures.