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To study the excursion of presence and evolution of chivalrous characters in Persian literature, this article is examined three stories, “Samak e Ayyar”, “Dash Akol” and “Qeidar”, in terms of similarities and differences among characters and characterizations. mentioned stories have been selected because “samak e ayyar” is the first story in which the role of knights (“Ayaran”) is bolder than kings or heroes; “Dash Akol” is the first manly (“Dash Mashti”) character in modern Persian literature and “Qeidar” is the last one. This study indicates that in all three works, the distinction between protagonist and antagonist is clearly distinguished based on chivalry characteristic nevertheless the protagonist in “Samak e Ayyar” and “Dash Akol” is similar to antagonist in terms of facial features and behavioral characteristics while the antagonist of “Qeidar” is different from protagonist in this sense. Furthermore, “Amirkhani” appends the component of belief in Islam to the constitutive elements of chivalry characteristic, however, in spite of facial features, it is fully similar to “Samak e Ayyar” in terms of organizing events toward highlighting typical characteristics of chivalrous character.

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This paper attempts to apply a critical perspective to study 30 academic papers about the similarities between tales with the minimalistic stories in the western literature. For this purpose, the mentioned academic papers are analyzed through a descriptive-analytic method in two main themes, including the ethics and principles of scientific research and the accuracy and reliability of the findings and results. The results of this study show that the mentioned papers possess several errors in term of adhering to the ethics and principles od scientific research. These errors include self-plagiarism, repetitive structures, repetitive and resembling titles, negligence over conducting research background, deficiency in the structure and framework of the whole article, and the absence of integrity, which means copying and quoting other resources without any citation to the original reference, using false and inaccurate quotes and changing or manipulating the sayings of other references. Moreover, including non-fiction texts, dilating unnecessary and irrelevant themes and topics, bringing up inaccurate analysis and evidence, neglecting over the reliability of claims, and finally, the absence of any new, clear and correct findings are the issues showing that all the analyzed papers lack the authenticity and reliability necessary for the scientific research. Considering the main purpose of all these papers which is to prove that tales and minimalistic stories are the same literary genres, producing several academic papers on the same topic has no academic necessity. 

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Some solutions are presented to show the ability of the spectral line-based weighted sum of gray gases approach to solve the radiative transfer equation in absorbing-emitting non-gray media. The medium contains heat sources and is atradiative equilibrium state which occurs in high temperature systems. The non-gray gaseous medium is divided into a number of gray gases, and the radiative transfer equation is solved for each gray gas by the discrete ordinate method. The intensities are found by a summation over all gray gases, and the temperature field is updated by an iterative procedure. The updated coefficients obtained from high-temperature molecular spectroscopic database (2010thedition) are employed in the spectral line-based weighted sum of gray gases model. The method is verified through comparison with a benchmark problem for the case of a specified temperature distribution, and also for thecase of a variable temperature distribution (radiative equilibrium). Several examples are taken into account to show the ability and performance of proposed procedure for the radiative equilibrium calculations in media with heat sources and different boundary conditions (constant temperature and insulated walls).

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In this study our aim is analysis of heat transfer in an internal combustion engine. In an internal combustion engine combustion chamber all three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection and radiation) are important and effective. - Convection and conduction problems are not as complicated as radiation problem because gases in cylinder make a participating media .in this study a solver is developed in a software which can solve combustion, heat transfer and turbulence problem simultaneously. In order to verify the solver, experimental data of a furnace is used, using the experimental data and the model the problem is solved and verified. Finally in order to study the effect of radiative heat transfer in an internal combustion engine cylinder, the simplest case is considered that is injecting a fuel jet in a simple cylinder. The model can predict thermal critical points in which pollutant form and knock phenomenon begins. Results also shows radiation heat transfer may change Temperature up to 50 percent especially in media which contains higher density of water vapor, carbon dioxide and soot.