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Social trust means more people in your life trust to each other. But the scope and radius of this trust do not have fixed form, therefore, we have two forms of trust: particular trust and universal trust. In this paper, after designing of the problem, the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of trust, radius and range of social trust were inquired. Then with considering the variables of objective participation, generalized trust, reciprocity, sense of social security and optimism that constitute conceptual and empirical models of this essay, the subject were explained. 18 years old and above residents of Kashan city make the population of this article. After selecting a sample of this population by survey and technique questionnaire, the data were collected and analyzed. The results of this study showed that the radius and range of social trust in Kashan are located at an intermediate level. There is significant relationship between the independent variables of conceptual model and dependent variables. The variables entered the equation can have a good predictability, showing that the scope and radius of trust can be developed as they are improved.

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The essay "Discourse Analysis of Imposed War Memories; case study of Da Memory" by Mohammad Reza Javadi Yeganeh and Seyyed Mohammad Ali Sohofi has had the potential for becoming a good and acceptable essay because it adopts a new approach to a controversial text that has bot been analyzed from such viewpoints yet. However, this potential has not been realized. As it is mentioned in the "Introduction" of the essay, the primary objective of the researchers has been to examine the discourse of Da based on Norman Fairclough's model of critical discourse analysis and with regard to the way gender roles are represented in this text. Nevertheless, and this is the weak point of the essay, the authors do not fulfill what they promise at the beginning of their writing, and the result is not "critical discourse analysis" but a simple analysis that at best appears silimilar to Feminist or gender criticism.

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Although since classical times philosophical reflections on the nature and functions of literature have not been uncommon, the “philosophy of literature,” as a separate discipline or field, is a new phenomenon. The two approaches distinguished in Western philosophy since about a century ago, i.e., analytic vs. Continental philosophy, can be observed in philosophy of literature as well. Adopting a comparative method, this essay first examines the differences between analytic and Continental philosophy and, then, those between analytic and Continental philosophy of literature. The focus of this essay is on the analytic philosophy of literature since it seems this kind of philosophy, with its logical and realist method of conceptual analysis, can help us better in understanding the nature and functions of literature. The basic claim of this essay, then, is that Continental philosophy of literature is itself another manifestation of literature and only increases the ambiguity and mystification of the concept of literature. In order to give meaning to life and consequently to literature, Continental philosophers, like literary creators, have recourse to “metaphysical or logocentric metaphors” and “philosophical fictions.” However, the products of these attempts almost have the same functions and effects as those of literature. Of course, this is not to deny the value of the Continental approach; rather, as discussed at the end of the essay, in my view, what we need more in the current critical situation in Iran is analytic philosophy of literature rather than Continental philosophy of literature, because by concentrating on the analysis of the concept of literature and other related concepts the analytic approach prepares the ground for acquiring a more precise understanding of this field, and it is only then that we can adopt the Continental method for exploring the other aspects of literature.

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The cement-based stabilization/solidification (S/S) method is widely used in modifying soils polluted by heavy metals (HMs), although it may face technical, economic, and environmental limitations. Therefore, the present work was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a type of geopolymer based on the steel slag (SGP) and its combination with microparticles of zeolite (SGPZ), compared to cement (as a traditional additive), in enhancing the stability of S/S products. In so doing, different percentages (0 to 250 mg/g-soil) of SGP, SGPZ, and sole cement were separately added to the S/S samples containing different concentrations of lead (including 5000, 10000, 20000 and 40000 mg/kg-soil). After adequate curing (up to 28 days), a set of macro and micro scale experiments were performed to assess the long-term performance of the amended soil samples using a laboratory accelerated aging procedure that simulated 25, 50, 75 and 100 years of exposure to the acid rain and wet and dry (W-D) cycles in the field. It was found that, while low amounts of cement (PC) would greatly reduce the initial bioavailability of pollution in the pore fluid of soil, increasing the contact time of the PC-treated specimens upon harsh conditions, especially in the presence of high level of Pb, would dramatically diminish the efficiency of the precipitation mechanism as well as the degree of encapsulation process which play a significant role in increasing the ability of S/S sample to release the toxic ions stabilized/solidified previously. At simulated 100 years, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure leached Pb from the PC-treated sample with 250 mg/g-soil binder would exceed the permitted threshold of pollution leaching (≥ 5 mg/L) by 508%, indicating that meeting the S/S regulation limits requires a large consumption of cement. The study showed that, unlike treatment conditions with the same level of PC, the use of novel cement-free S/S binders (especially SGPZ) would significantly limit the negative influences of the environmental changes on HM remobilization risks. In addition, the mechanical characteristics of those series of samples were sometimes up to 1.4 times higher than that of the soil modified with cement alone. Based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, this enhancement can be mainly due to i) reduction in the adverse HM-binder interactions, ii) intensification in the level of hydration reactions, iii) formation of secondary complex hydrated phases (e.g., Hydrotalcite: Mg₆Al₂CO₃(OH)₁₆.4H₂O), and iv) creation of a three-dimensional network of solidification in the system containing geopolymer, wrapping the matrix of S/S products against the structure disintegration upon contact to the aggressive environments. Therefore, under the destroying impacts of acid attack and W-D scenario, adding 25% SGPZ composite could pass the S/S regulation limits. In general, based on the obtained results, the use of geopolymer (especially containing zeolite) is suggested as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative for sustainable soil improvement, even with the high contents of HM ions. Following the USEPA and UKAE standards to achieve the safe S/S performance, the optimal dosage of GP binder was determined to be approximately 6 mg/g-soil per 1 g/kg of lead in the sample.        

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Modernist literature decidedly experiments with such modes of discourse representation as free indirect discourse (FID) to highlight the subjective nature of reality and reflect the estrangement of the modern subject. Accordingly, an analysis of discourse representation has proved to be integral in exploring Modernist narratives. The discourse representation in movies, however, has received little attention from film narratologists. After an overview of discourse representation in literature and film, the present paper examines Virginia Woolf’s modernist masterpiece Mrs Dalloway (1925) and its cinematic adaptation of the same title by Marleen Gorris (1997) and its interconnectedness to present characters’ subjectivities. The basic claim of this study is that the (free) indirect discourses of the novel are turned into free direct discourse in the movie using the technique of internal sound or flashback. Although there are instances of internal focalisation in this movie, they are so disjointed or short that the dominant discourse remains that of the narrator. Therefore, the findings of the present essay demonstrate that Gorris’ film is not creative enough to bring about effects equal to or beyond those produced by Woolf’s or reproduce the underlying forces of “difference” at play in Woolf’s text.