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The present research aimed to investigate the effect of multilingualism on learning English as a third language, focusing on foreign language anxiety (FLA) and foreign language enjoyment (FLE). A sample of 353 Iranian bilingual and multilingual EFL learners participated in the study by completing self-report scales measuring FLA and FLE. As for the qualitative phase, a number of 15 EFL learners took part in semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that multilingual participants reported lower levels of FLA and higher levels of FLE than their bilingual counterparts. The results of the qualitative data also supported the findings of quantitative phase, suggesting that multilingualism can have a substantial impact on reducing FLA and enhancing FLE when learning a foreign language. The study highlights the potential benefits of multilingualism for language learners and might have significant implications for theory and practice.
 

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Euphemism in Persian is a less studied topic, which seems to deserve more attention. The present article aims to study the mechanisms, both linguistic and cognitive, used to produce euphemism in Persian, and also to suggest a classification for them. Euphemism is a powerful conversational tool used to enhance politeness and preserve the public self-image of the participants in communicative exchanges, hence, facilitating a harmonious interpersonal relationship. In Persian, most of the euphemistic expressions are associated with death, sexual relations, bodily effluvia, advertising, disability, insults, body parts, mental illness, drugs and business. In this language, there are three main ways in which euphemisms may be constructed: 1) phonemic modification, 2) loan words, and 3) semantic devices. Thus, we have the following classification of the main devices for constructing euphemism in Persian: reduplication, omission, loan words, implication, metaphor, metonymy, reversal, understatement, overstatement, circumlocution, litotes, fuzzy words, semantic widening, and deictic expressions.

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Introduction: In cognitive linguistics, the study of linguistic meaning is not the aim by itself. Instead in this field of linguistics, the focus is on understanding the nature of conceptual system of human's mind.  Noting that image schema due to its importance in understanding of abstract concepts are an important category in linguistic studies. This paper studies the embodied patterns of image schemas in the absolute congenital blind compared with their counterparts based on Johnson's embodied cognition theory (1987) in cognitive semantics.
Method: The methodology of this quantitative research is comparative between two groups of blind and non-blinds.  Thus, 48 male and female blinds and non-blinds with diploma and graduate education aged 18- 28 years, due to the study of such variables as gender, education and age, were evaluated, and they were asked to describe 30 selected words based on Ricci Bitty and Poggi's  procedures (1991), then their image schemas were investigated.
Results and Findings: The results showed that the blinds, due to lack of vision, use more lexical descriptions and more image schema than their counterparts, in a way, graduate female blinds were reported as the most frequent users of image schema. The statistics also prove that the path and cycle schema, among different types of schema proposed by Johnson (1987), have the most and the least amount of usage in both groups respectively. Also, the study showed that age, gender, education variables as influential factors had no effect on understanding blind people and their counterparts from the image schema.
 
 

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the procedures of persuasion of judges by lawyers in the Iranian criminal and legal courts based on the critical discourse analysis approach. The methodological nature of this research is descriptive-analytic and the authors have collected the data by referring to courts, Tehran courts, and lawyers' offices, by studying hundreds of cases and observing dozens of interrogations in 1397, then analyzed 50 excerpts of conversations of participants (10 cases) based on Laclau and Mouffe's approach (1985,2001,2002). The main features of this approach are: signifier and signified, restlessness, antithesis, hegemony and fixation of meaning, power, myth and social imagination and metaphor, subject position and political subjectivity. According to the discourse of lawyers, it can be said that they use from the establishment of the semantic system of discourse including such words as client release, mitigation of punishment, proving the guilt of the accused, and seeking punishment for the accused, each of which establishes its own signifier with specific concepts, as influential cognitive and behavioral factors for persuasion. The main question of the present study is how the concept of persuasion is reflected in the conversations of lawyers in court discourse. The results showed that lawyers express their client's strengths and rival's weaknesses using backgrounding and foregrounding. So, in order to persuade judges to defend their client, lawyers use backgrounding to express rival’s weakness with the negative bias, and also they use foregrounding to provide their clients strengths with the positive bias.
 

1.  Introduction

Language is not only a means of communication between human beings, but also as a social act that encompasses speech and writing. It’s worth noting that every text is produced in special situations and with different degrees of selection and in a ratio of power and ideology. Thus, no text can be found that is devoid of the author's personal views, etc., and just as there is no pure social reality, there is no neutral discourse. Since forensic linguistics is also a process of examining language in law discussions, it finds an inextricable link with discourse analysis, and in this regard, critical discourse analysis can also be mentioned. Forensic linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics that deals with the application of linguistic knowledge and methods in the context of law, legal language, crime, interrogation, trial, and judicial procedure. The present study aims to investigate the methods of using persuasion in court and law processes using the critical discourse analysis approach.
     It should be noted that the research on persuasion methods can be fully examined based on the approach of Laclau and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002). From this perspective, it is most used in the discourse of lawyers to persuade judges based on the component of opposition (foregrounding and backgrounding) as well as the signifier and signified component that Lacla and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002) have dealt with. Therefore, lawyers try to persuade the judge by using their client's discourse factors such as expressing remorse, confession, lack of proper physical condition, participation with the court in the case process.
    On the other hand, if we look closely at the environment in which we live, we can easily see persuasive efforts. In fact, persuasion has become an integral part of our lives. Advertisers who use mass media to sell their products usually use this linguistic tool. A political candidate who buys newspaper ads or the health organization that encourages people to quit smoking through a radio station. Also, in general, persuasion is the basic and ultimate goal of all types of communication behaviors. And also, individuals' thoughts, judgments, and memories are strongly formed by their current feelings, by their different behaviors and biases, by their initial perceptions of the main participants (lawyers, defendants, judges), as well as by a set of social factors.
The present study consists of six sections. In the first part, we will discuss the introduction and generalities of the research. In the second part, we will get acquainted with the background of research and related studies. In the third section, we will introduce legal linguistics and the category of persuasion. In the fourth section, we will discuss the research methodology. In the fifth section, we will examine the lawyers' discourse in criminal cases and the category of the investigator’s persuasion, and in the sixth section, we will discuss the findings and results of the research.

2. Literature Review
For decades, we have witnessed a growing methodology and an increasing number of linguists appearing in court as expert witnesses. Nevertheless, not even the name of this new science has been heard in the Iranian judicial system, which makes the need to study and introduce this science in the field of the Iranian judicial system important. Accordingly, the present study is one of those researches that can be used in this field and can be helpful. In the following, the authors intend to introduce some of the research related to the forthcoming research.
 Baghinipour (2004) in an article entitled "Persuasion and some of its measures: a discussion in critical discourse" examines the process of persuasion and considers it a phenomenon that can be used to overcome the mind and create the discussion of power. Findings have shown that different speech structures can be effective in shaping and changing mental models and social representations.
Kia and Saeedi (2004) in a study entitled “The principles of communication, propaganda and persuasion” have stated that persuasion is a mutual linguistic factor whose purpose is to respond to the needs of the persuaded person, and generally in persuasion there is a two-way communication.
Motavali (2005) in his research entitled “Public Opinion and Methods of Persuasion” has tried to make us familiar with the issues that deal with public opinion in such a way.
Nami (2009) has also stated that in foreign language teaching academies in Iran, writing English with proper cohesion, coherence and suitable persuasiveness is a major challenge for those language learners who are studying English. This is because, writing is usually considered a secondary skill and is pushed to the margins of language classes due to its time consuming nature.
Studies show that so far no research has been done on the methods of persuading judges based on the ideas of Laclau and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002). Therefore, in this article, we will address the question of what are the linguistic strategies and factors involved in the lawyers' discourse to persuade judges based on the approach of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis.

3. Research Methodology
The methodological nature of this research is descriptive-analytic and the authors have collected the data by referring to courts, Tehran courts, and lawyers' offices, by studying hundreds of cases and observing dozens of interrogations in 1397, then analyzed 50 excerpts of conversations of participants (10 cases) based on Laclau and Mouffe's approach (1985,2001,2002).

4. Results
The tool of the lawyer is word, sentence and discourse and s/he uses this tool in the form of speech and writing. Therefore, the lawyer must have cognitive and behavioral components that make his/her speech and writing expressive, effective, logical and effective in order to convince the judges. It is clear that these cognitive and behavioral components must be compatible with the law system in which the lawyer works, as well as with the social, moral, and cultural structure of the lawyer's workplace. Therefore, there are similarities between advocacy, teacher, sermon and some other professions, but in attorneyship, expressing or creating special concepts in the mind of the addressee is not the goal. Rather, it is important to use these characteristics, such as clauses and utterances, to prove the claimant and to prove right or wrong. This is where the presence of linguists in legal and judicial matters can be helpful. In general, the findings indicate that in the analysis of Laclau and Mouffeh's discourse, backgrounding is the expression of one's own weaknesses and strengths of the rival, and foregrounding is also the expression of one's own strengths and weaknesses of the rival. Thus, the results showed that lawyers express their client's strengths and rival's weaknesses using backgrounding and foregrounding. So, in order to persuade judges to defend their client, lawyers use backgrounding to express rival’s weakness with the negative bias, and also they use foregrounding to provide their clients strengths with the positive bias.
     Finally, among the fifty lawyers' interviews in the court discourse to convince the judges based on the components of Lacla and Mouffe (1985, 2001, 2002), the authors have stated the most common use of the available components as follows:

Percentage	Components
48%	Foregrounding
44%	backgrounding
8%	Signifier & Signified

 

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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the sub-worlds in Werth's Text Worlds Theory (1999) based on Cognitive Poetics Approach. Upon analysis, the authors showed that up to what extent the writer of Blind owl has used the sub-worlds including deictic, attitudinal, and epistemic. The methodological nature of this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic. It should be noted that all the clauses have been examined. But due to the limitation of the paper volume, in only 20 clauses of this story, the three sub-worlds have been analyzed as one of the semantic layers in Werth's Text Worlds Theory. The authors sought to illustrate the representation of the three sub-worlds in Blind owl and the way the writer has used these three layers in the story. The findings indicated that the epistemic sub-world has been used significantly more than other two sub-worlds, i.e. deictic and attitudinal. Also, the results showed that most of the clauses are narrative and discursive, and the epistemic sub-world has been reflected widely in this story.
Extended Abstract
The Aim of Research: The purpose of the present study is to investigate the sub-worlds in Werth's Text Worlds Theory (1999) based on Cognitive Poetics Approach. With this investigation, the authors showed that up to what extent the writer of Blind owl has used the sub-worlds including deictic, attitudinal, and epistemic. The present study seeks to show that any text based on Text Worlds Theory in the cognitive poetics approach can be examined in the form of three layers of text world, discourse world and sub-worlds which the authors have tried to explore the three layers of the semantic layer of sub-worlds including, deictic, attitudinal, and epistemic in the story of Blind owl. In this regard, we try to use the theory of cognitive poetics to achieve a correct reading of these texts that is far from any personal interpretations. It is worth noting that showing different semantic layers and understanding them correctly is possible only by applying this theory.
Methodology: The methodological nature of this qualitative research has been descriptive-analytical. The authors collected data by reading and analyzing the text of the story of “Blind Owl” by Sadegh Hedayat. In reviewing the clauses of this story, due to the limited volume of the article, the authors considered 20 clauses of the story from the perspective of the three layers of the sub-worlds as one of the semantic layers in the theory of text worlds in the cognitive approach from the perspective of Werth (1999).
Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework of this research is informed by the approach of cognitive poetics in linguistics and Werth’s Text World Theory (1999). What makes this theory unique is its comprehensive application of cognitive principles in analysis. Text worlds Theory is a discourse framework, in the sense that its attention is not only focused on a particular text, but also on the contextual context and its surroundings that influence its production and acceptance. The purpose of this theory is to provide a framework for studying discourse in which situational, social, historical and psychological factors are involved and play an important role in language cognition (Gavins, 2007). Werth’s book was published after his death by Short in 1999 titled Text Worlds: Representation of Conceptual Space in Discourse, that includes Werth's full account of this theory. According to Johnson (1987), the cognitive approach shows that language is a product that is not produced from a separate structural system in the mind, but from cognitive processes that enable the human mind to make perceptions of experiences which linguists call them embodied cognition (Freeman, 2000, p. 281). Also, Stockwel (2002) states a broader concept of cognitive poetics and introduces all approaches that provide a framework for describing literary texts based on the tools of cognitive science, with the label of cognitive poetics. Text worlds are mental structures that form conceptual representations of certain aspects of reality. Werth's model is based on the distinction between two prominent functions of language: the informative function and modal function. Werth considers the informative function as what is often called the propositional meaning.
Conclusion: In this study, we have examined and evaluated the story of Blind Owl, by Sadegh Hedayat, based on the theory of ​​Text Worlds in the cognitive poetics approach, and it has been determined how the writer of the story has acted in order to understand the reader. It is worth noting that the three sub-worlds of deictic, attitudinal and epistemic, represent an important part of the construction and formation of the worlds of the story text. In order to fully understand the text, one must describe and analyze a part of it in order to determine the idea of ​​the text through the text itself, and not through utterances that are formed outside the text. The theory of ​​text worlds based on the approach of cognitive poetics opens a new path in literary criticism, the discovery of how the mind works, the relationships between time, and anything else that helps to build the reader's mental representation. Hence, this approach is a bridge between literary studies and the field of cognitive linguistics. To answer the first question, it should be said that Sadegh Hedayat has used more narrative and discursive text in this story. Regarding the second question, it must be acknowledged that although the three sub-worlds of deictic, attitudinal and epistemic are observed in the Blind Owl, but the sub-world of epistemic plays a decisive role through conditional sentences, frequency adverbs, cognitive metaphors and repetition. The findings indicated that three sub-worlds including 29.63% deictic, 33.33% attitudinal and 37.04% epistemic, have been used in the story of Blind Owl. The results also showed that the epistemic sub-world has the highest usage and the deictic sub-world has the lowest usage in this story.
 

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This paper attempts to explain the relationship between the imperative paradigm and the system of tense, aspect, and modality in Kurdish. This study employs the theoretical framework proposed by Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017). Additionally, the data were collected by interviewing Kurdish informants. The results indicate that the imperative paradigm in Kurdish is based on three imperative constructions, and four imperative strategies are also used to convey directive meanings. The results also show that the imperative constructions have different syntactic behaviors in different temporal zones of the tense system. The imperative constructions mainly combine with verbs that have a positive dynamic aspectual feature; however, these constructions transform these verbs during the process of coercion and highlight only the preparatory phases of the verbs. Consequently, these constructions combine easily with ingressive verbal operators because they represent only the preparatory phases of the actions. However, the imperative constructions do not combine with imperfective operators as they highlight the middle phases of the events. Furthermore, the imperative constructions do not host perfective aspectual operators due to semantic incongruity between them. Finally, the results show that the imperative constructions and strategies lack a rich eventual semantic layer and appear mainly as expressive speech acts.

1. Introduction
The tripartite system of tense, aspect, and mood constructs the composite eventual and modal structure of a sentence. However, this composite system manifests differently in various sentential types such as declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Although the interaction of these three subsystems has been extensively studied in declarative sentences, they have not been adequately explored in imperative constructions. Given the highly particular and idiosyncratic syntactic and semantic behavior of imperatives, it is crucial to study these subsystems and their interactions within imperative sentences. This paper aims to examine these subsystems and their interactions within the imperative paradigm, employing the theoretical framework proposed by Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017). Thus, it studies tense, aspect, and modality in canonical and non-canonical imperative constructions in Kurdish.

2. Literature Review
Imperative constructions have not been extensively investigated in Iranian languages in general, and Kurdish in particular. Most traditional grammatical sources in Kurdish adopt a prescriptive approach, primarily focusing on declarative and interrogative constructions and largely ignoring imperatives (IKSA 1976, 1985; Nabaz 1976; Mahvi 2011). No research to date has investigated tense, aspect, and modality in imperative constructions. However, Veisi Hasar (2021) studied imperative constructions in Kurdish, identifying two imperative constructions and four imperative strategies. Yet, he does not explore aspect, modality, and tense within these structures.

3. Methodology
The theoretical approach used in this study is based on the work of Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017) and the typological approach of Van der Auwera et al. (2005). Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017) categorize imperative constructions into canonical and non-canonical types. The canonical construction refers to the imperative for the second person singular subject. According to them, any structure derived from and matching the canonical construction can be considered an imperative construction. However, a non-canonical imperative, whose primary function is to express a directive function but structurally differs from the canonical construction, should be in complementary distribution with the canonical ones. If a directive structure is not structurally related to the canonical construction and is not in complementary distribution with it, it is not an imperative construction but an imperative strategy. In addition, based on the typological framework presented by Van der Auwera et al. (2005), we explain the imperative paradigm in Kurdish. This model illustrates different imperative paradigms as follows: 
- a. The language has a maximal system, but not a minimal one.
- b. The language has a minimal system, but not a maximal one.
- c. The language has both a maximal and a minimal system.
- d. The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system.

4. Findings
By analyzing the data, it is revealed that the Kurdish language has three imperative constructions and four imperative strategies. The second person singular imperative is formed by a special inflectional ending, an omitted subject, and a subjunctive mood indicated by the prefix -bǝ. The second person plural imperative uses a deleted subject and the prefix -bǝ, but lacks a special verbal ending. Imperative constructions for other person-number categories (first, third, singular, and plural) use a specific imperative operator bā and the prefix -bǝ. These three constructions form the imperative paradigm in Kurdish. Additionally, four strategies are used to express commands and directive meanings, which are not syntactically imperative. These constructions are based on the verbs heŝtәn (let), řoʔin (going), and hātәn (come), each possessing distinct grammatical attributes and used in various contexts.
Regarding the interaction between imperatives and tense, imperative constructions are mainly bound to the present tense and do not appear in other tenses. Interestingly, even the imperative strategies are primarily limited to the present tense and do not convey commands in other tenses. Only the second person singular imperative can appear in the future tense, in contrast to other categories, and takes a different inflectional ending.
Imperative constructions predominantly combine verbs that have a dynamic aspectual feature. However, through coercion, they highlight only the preparatory phase of these verbs. Static verbs within this construct are marked. Dynamic verbs in an imperative structure undergo coercion, and only their preparatory phases are highlighted in the imperative construct. Regarding grammatical aspects, imperative verbs do not combine with imperfective (progressive) verbs, as they do not profile the middle phases indicated by the progressive operators. Instead, they combine with ingressive operators, as both highlight the preparatory phases of the verbs. Additionally, imperative constructions do not combine perfective verbs due to semantic incompatibility. The perfective operator refers to a bounded process, while imperative constructs do not profile the ending limitation of the verbs.
 

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In order to investigate the effect of savory extract levels and polysaccharide-based active bio-composite coatings on the shelf life of broiler fillets, 2 separate experiments each with 6 treatments and 3 replications, were designed in a completely randomized design and performed simultaneously. Treatments in experiment 1 included fillet with coating 0 (control), 0.75% or 1.5% of savory extract alone or in combination with 3% sodium alginate coating and in experiment 2, included uncoated fillets (control), containing 1.5% of savory extract, guar coating 0.5% - extract, carboxy methylcellulose coating 1% - extract, guar coating – carboxy methylcellulose and guar coating – carboxy methylcellulose - savory extract. Chemical and bacterial spoilage indices including PV, TBARS and TVB_N were evaluated every 3 days during a 12-day period of keeping the fillets at 4±1^oC. The results of experiment 1 showed that in parallel with the increasing the concentration of savory extract to 1.5%, the sodium alginate-extract composite coating reduced the PV, TBARS and TVB_N of fillets (P <0.05). Minimum amount of PV (5.40 ± 0.30 meq/kg), TBARS (1.22 ± 0.00 mg MDA/kg) and TVB_N (26.50 ± 1.35 mg/100g) were seen in fillets containing alginate - 1.5% savory extract composite coating (P <0.05). Also, in experiment 2, the fillets containing guar gum – carboxy methylcellulose - savory extract bio-composite coating have the lowest ​​of PV (5.10 ± 0.33 meg/kg), TBARS (1.10 ± 0.05 mg MDA/kg) and TVB_N (25.30 ± 1.90 mg/100g) at the end of the storage period (P <0.05). Therefore, guar gum – carboxy methylcellulose - 1.5% savory extract bio-composite coating as a new packaging can be used to increasing the shelf life of broiler fillets during refrigerator storage (4±1^oC).