---

Potassium (K) mitigates the effect of high temperature on canola, especially during its later growth stages when sowing of canola is delayed. To explore the effect of K on high temperature tolerance and canola production a field experiment (2019 – 2021) was conducted. The experiment had two sowing dates (October 15 and November 1) and four K treatments, i.e. control, soil application (50 kg K ha^-1), soil application + 0.25% K foliar spray at pre- and post-flowering stages and soil application + 0.50% K foliar spray at pre and post-flowering stages. Application of 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K-foliar sprays resulted in higher production of biochemicals (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and total soluble sugars) besides net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance along with less malondialdehyde production and relative cell injury in crops sown on November 1^st than untreated plants. Moreover, it also enhanced chlorophyll florescence and chlorophyll (a and b) contents of late- sown crops. Plants sown on November 1^st and received 50 kg K ha^-1 as soil application along with 0.50% K foliar spray also gave a higher yield components, yield and economic returns than control. Therefore, it is suggested to supply 50 kg K ha^-1 at sowing and a foliar spray of 0.50% K at the pre- and post-flowering stages to canola crops sown late in the season to achieve optimal and economical yield levels.
 

---

Health and environmental side effects of chemical insecticides and development of resistant population of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to pesticides have resulted in increasing demands for non-chemical control approaches against this pest. In this research, the efficacy of two biological control agents were studied under field condition. Treatments consisted of releasing Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Trichogramma evanescence Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and combination of H. hebetor + T. evanescence (HABROBRACON-TRICO). The results revealed significant differences in the number of infested tomato fruits among treatments and harvesting times. The infested fruits was the lowest (2.68 ± 0.14%) in plots treated by HABROBRACON-TRICO. Moreover, the highest (3.36 ± 0.50%) and the lowest (2.88 ± 0.22%) damaged fruits was recorded in the second and fourth harvesting times, respectively. There was significant interaction between harvesting times and treatments. Regarding the tomato yield in treatments, findings revealed significant difference among treatments in both main harvesting times. However, there was no significant differences in total yield in treatments. It could be concluded that biological control agents can be used as a promising alternative for synthetic insecticides in control of H. armigera in tomato farms without significant crop losses.

---

Sadegh Hedayat visited India and was back to Tehran in September 1937. But his exact date of arrival in India is still a mystery. However, it is confirmed that he visited many cities of incredible India like Bombay, Bangalore, Hyderabad etc. in the years 1936-37. Hedayat’s tryst with India was quite friendly and his later writings covered a great deal of depiction of that country. The stories that he had written in the post period of his visit to India consists of beautiful tapestry of Indian believes, culture, customs and tradition and his seminal work The Blind Owl can be seen as one of the finest pieces of Indo Persian literature where he made a fusion of Iranian plot with the elements of Indian customs and culture. It was the article- Hindustan Dar Aieneh-i-Buf-i-Kur, written by Dr. Syed Akhtar Husain which made the world realize that, a writer who had spent around two years  in India and infused India in his  Persian writings, ironically, remained unnoticed by the Indians. Hedayat who depicted the history and culture of India in his writings at the time when India was witnessing  the twilight of Persian literature in the sub-continent. Dr Hussain believes that Indian scholars must come forward to write  details of Hedayat’s footsteps in India in order to pay him their debt. Being a student of Indo Persian literature and of Dr. Syed Akhtar Husain, I deem it my duty to write in this article about the foot prints of Sadegh Hedayat in India through his letters and stories. This article is a result of my visit to the places where Hedayat was moving during his stay in India,  his friends and hosts in India and ups and downs he faced in the country- all has been covered in this paper along with the photographs.

---

This study examined the effect of metalinguistic feedback and revision on the accuracy of the regular and irregular simple past tense. To this end, 56 Azari-Turkish learners of English participated in a quasi-experimental study. The study lasted for 7 sessions. In session one, a proficiency test (KET) was administered to all learners. The learners in 4 classes were randomly assigned as a metalinguistic explanation (ME) group (N = 13), a metalinguistic explanation plus revision (R) group (N = 17), a revision group (N = 14), and a control group (N = 12). To get assurance as to the initial homogeneity of groups involved in terms of the dependent variable (i.e., past tense command), a pretest was administered. The feedback treatment was performed for 4 sessions. In each session all individuals were required to write a 150-word text in 20 min. All texts drafted in each session were returned to the same individuals with varying comments in line with the condition defined for each group. The texts produced by the control group were not manipulated. Finally, all learners took a post-test and completed an attitude questionnaire to assess their attitude towards the treatment. The results indicated that the metalinguistic explanation plus revision group outperformed the other groups significantly in the accurate use of the past tense. English teachers are advised to spare enough time to provide appropriate feedback along the writing tasks of Iranian learners of English.
 

---

Aims: Depression in Malaysia represents a significant and growing public health concern. With the current challenges in academic and university life, university students have become particularly vulnerable to depression and are unable to cope with stress. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify associative factors for depression among Malaysian students.
Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at public and private universities in Malaysia. A convenience sample of 1821 out of 1860 cases were approached and completed self-administered questionnaires, regarding depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and their socio-demographic, academic, and psychosocial characteristics. A Chi-square test was conducted to find the relationship between the variables and depression, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify the predictors.
Findings: More than one-third (33.8%) of students scored clinical levels of depression. Financial support for the study, alcohol consumption, poor sleep quality, body mass index, and the global score for psychosocial characteristics were predictors of depression.
Conclusion: A high rate of depression in Malaysian students may be mitigated by addressing the influencing factors. Interventions, such as lifestyle change can reduce depression in this group.

---

The present study investigated the differential influence of direct focused and unfocused written corrective feedback on the intermediate learners’ accuracy of simple past tense. To this end, 60 Iranian EFL learners were divided randomly into two experimental groups (focused and unfocused) and a control group. All groups were required to perform a story-writing task and deliver it to the teacher for four sessions. The focused group received feedback on regular and irregular simple past tense errors. The unfocused group received feedback on all types of errors. The control group received no feedback on their writing. Results revealed that the performance of the focused group was better than the unfocused and control groups on the immediate posttest. Results of the attitude questionnaire showed that learners preferred the focused feedback more than the unfocused one.

1. Introduction
Developing the writing skill in second language (L2) is a big challenge for learners (Zacharias, 2007) since they fail to use accurate sentences in their writings. In order to help them overcome such problems, teachers are recommended to provide written corrective feedback (WCF) on their errors (Hyland, 1990). Focused and unfocused corrective feedback are two common types of WCF provided on learners’ errors. In focused feedback, only one or two types of errors (e.g., only past tense) are corrected while in unfocused feedback all errors related to grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc. are corrected by the teacher. Proponents of focused feedback (e.g., Bitchener & Knoch, 2010a) claim that it can decrease the learners’ cognitive load and can facilitate mastering those forms. However, the advocators of unfocused feedback (e.g., Bruton, 2010) argue that focused feedback can delay developing the writing skill and can lead to fossilization. So far, a large body of previous studies have compared the role of focused and unfocused corrective feedback in improving the writing skill (e.g., Ellis et al., 2008; Marefat & Pashazade, 2016). However, the inconclusive results of the previous studies urge more future studies to shed light on the superiority of one type over the other. 
Analyzing the literature demonstrates that most previous studies have compared the effect of focused and unfocused feedback on structure-based errors which are easily corrected by consulting with a dictionary or grammar book including the article a and the (e.g., Ellis et al., 2008; Sheen et al., 2009), the prepositions (e.g., Marefat & Pashazade, 2016), and regular past tense (e.g., Frear, 2010). However, only a limited number of studies have addressed item-based errors which cannot be corrected relying on the information provided in books and are in need of teacher intervention and explanation such as conditional sentences (e.g., Marefat & Pashazade, 2016; Shintani et al., 2016) and passive voice (e.g., Palizvan, 2018). The present study intends to compare the influence of focused and unfocused feedback on a structure-based (i.e., regular past tense) and an item-based (i.e., irregular past tense) error. It also attempts to elicit learners’ attitudes towards these two types of feedback. The following research questions are formulated:

1. Do focused and unfocused corrective feedback influence learning regular and irregular past tense differently?
2. What are learners’ attitudes towards focused and unfocused corrective feedback?      

 
2. Literature Review
            To date a vast number of studies (e.g., Bruton, 2010; Ellis et al., 2008; Farrokhi & Sattarour, 2011; Frear, 2011; Lee, 2004; Sheen et al., 2009; Van Beuningen, 2010) have compared the role of focused and unfocused feedback on L2 writing. However, controversial findings have been achieved. Some (e.g., Bitchener & Knoch, 2008; Farrokhi & Sattarpour, 2011; Sheen, 2007; Sheen et al., 2009) have found the superiority of focused feedback while some others (e.g., Ellis et al., 2008; Frear, 2010; Karimi & Fotovatnia, 2012; Rouhi & Samiei, 2010) have not found any significant difference between focused and unfocused feedback.
       The inconclusive results of the previous studies might be attributed to four main reasons. The first reason refers to the difference among the target forms which have been investigated. Some studies (e.g., Ellis et al., 2008; Shintani & Ellis, 2013) have examined the role of feedback in improving structure-based errors. While some others (e.g., Marefat & Pashazade, 2016; Palizvan, 2018) have investigated item-based errors. Frear (2002, 2003) argued that structure-based errors, which result in less cognitive load, improve more than item-based errors which need more cognitive processing. Since previous studies have investigated the role of focused and unfocused feedback on different structure-based and item-based errors, they have found different results.
       The second reason that can play an important role in the effectiveness of feedback is learners’ level of proficiency. High proficient learners can easily overcome the form-meaning competition (Van Patten, 2004) and pay attention to form more than low proficient learners who rely more on meaning. Different studies have compared the role of focused and unfocused feedback in the accuracy of low intermediate (e.g., Bitchener, 2008; Bitchener & Knoch, 2008, 2010a), intermediate (e.g., Sheen, 2007; Sheen et al., 2009), and even advanced learners (e.g., Rummel, 2014; Truscott & Hsu, 2008). Relying on the poor capacity of low proficient learners’ attention to language forms (Van Patten, 2004), those studies who have recruited low proficient learners are expected to result in little gains.
       The third reason goes for the degree of the salience of the focused or unfocused feedback for learners. Some studies have adopted direct feedback (e.g., Bichener & Knoch, 2008; Frear, 2012; Stefanou Revesz, 2015) in which errors are underlined or crossed out and the correct forms are written above.  Other studies have used indirect feedback (e.g., Rouhi & Samiei, 2010; Truscott & Hsu, 2008) in which errors are underlined but the correct forms are not provided. Studies which have compared the effect of direct and indirect feedback on L2 accuracy (e.g., Sheen et al., 2009; Van Beuningen et al., 2008) have found that direct feedback improves L2 accuracy more than indirect one. However, proponents of indirect feedback (e.g., Ferris, 2003) purport that it can result in more L2 accuracy since it urges learners to self-correction.
       The last reason refers to some methodological problems associated with previous studies. Ellis et al. (2008), that found no significant difference between focused and unfocused feedback, reported that the focused group was exposed to more feedback than the unfocused one. Sheen et al. (2009), that found focused feedback superior to unfocused one, explicitly stated that the unfocused group received feedback irregularly. Although a huge number of studies have compared the influence of focused and unfocused feedback on the accuracy of L2 writing, more future studies are needed to remove such controversies. The present study intends to compare the role of focused and unfocused corrective feedback on the accuracy of regular and irregular past tense among Iranian intermediate learners of English.
 
3. Methodology
            A total of 60 (39 female and 21 male) Iranian intermediate learners were recruited in an eight-session study. In the first session, all learners were given a proficiency test (Preliminary English Test) to ensure their homogeneity. They were then randomly divided into two experimental and one control group, 20 in each. In the second session, learners were given a pretest to measure their initial knowledge on past tense. In a four-session treatment, learners completed a written picture-description task and were required to embed as many past tense sentences as they could. The next session, they received the teachers’ feedback on their errors under three different conditions: The first experimental group received focused feedback on their regular and irregular past tense. The teacher had underlined their errors and had written their correct form using a red pen. The second experimental group received unfocused feedback on all types of errors. The teacher also had underlined and written their correct form using a red pen. The control group did not receive any feedback. The experimental groups were required to look at their corrected paper carefully for five min and give it back to the teacher. Then learners did the second picture-description task. They received the same treatment in the next two sessions. In session 7, learners took an immediate posttest. They were also given a Likert-scale attitude questionnaire to elicit their opinions on the treatment. Three weeks later, in session 8, they took a delayed posttest. 
      
4. Results and Discussion
                        Results of a one-way ANOVA run on the data obtained showed that the focused group outperformed the other groups significantly in producing more accurate simple past tense on the immediate posttest. Results of the present study are in line with some studies (e.g., Bitchener & Knoch, 2010a, 2010b; Ellis et al., 2008) which have concluded the positive influence of focused feedback on L2 writing. However, such a gain was not maintained on the delayed posttest in which there was not a significant difference between the focused and unfocused groups. Results of the delayed posttest are supported by previous studies (e.g., Frear, 2010; Marefat & Pashazade, 2016) which found the similar effect of focused and unfocused feedback on learners’ writing skill.
The unfocused group of the present study who was overwhelmed with a large number of red-pen corrections failed to benefit from unfocused feedback due to high cognitive load. The outperformance of the focused group can be attributed to Schmidt’s (1990) noticing hypothesis. The focused group, who was provided with feedback on past tense only, paid more attention to the accuracy of past tense. Consequently, such a noticing and attention improved the accuracy of their past tense. Results of the questionnaire indicated that learners preferred focused corrective feedback over unfocused one. Results of the questionnaire are on a par with the results of one-way ANOVA. However, they are contrary to some studies (e,g., Lee, 2004, 2005; Oladejo, 1993) which found learners’ positive attitudes towards unfocused feedback.
As an implication of the study, results recommend language teachers to use more focused feedback, especially for intermediate learners’ written errors. Future researchers are commended to compare the role of focused and unfocused feedback on other item-based errors. Also, they are suggested to investigate the probable difference between the improvement of regular and irregular past tense under the influence of focused and unfocused feedback
           
 

---

Aims: The prevalence of comorbidities among older individuals often leads to the neglect of oral health in this population. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between socio-demographic factors, knowledge, and attitudes related to oral health among older individuals.
Instrument & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 359 individuals aged 60 and above in the community setting of Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire distributed through social media platforms. The questionnaire comprised four sections: socio-demographics, self-perceived oral health status, knowledge, and attitudes. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26.
Findings: The mean total knowledge score was moderately good (17.42±5.74), and the mean total attitude score was positive (36.20±6.06). Educational level (p=0.01) and frequency of dental visits (p=0.02) were significantly associated with knowledge. Similarly, marital status (p=0.01), educational level (p=0.001), and frequency of dental visits (p=0.01) showed significant associations with attitude. We also identified a positive correlation between knowledge and attitudes related to oral health among older individuals (r=0.38, p=0.001).
Conclusion: Among older individuals living in the community, knowledge of oral health was moderately good, and attitudes toward oral health were positive. Future oral health promotion efforts should specifically target individuals who are divorced or widowed, have lower educational levels, and have not visited dental clinics.

---

Aims: Adolescents with body dissatisfaction require serious attention from therapeutic and educational communities. This research aimed to determine the effect of a healthy body image package (HBIP) and Cash cognitive-behavioral therapy (CCBT) on perfectionism in 12 to 15-year-old adolescents with body dissatisfaction.
Materials & Methods: This semi-experimental research with three pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages with a control group was done on 60 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years from high schools in Isfahan during the academic year 2022-2023 selected through purposeful sampling and based on the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to two intervention groups and a control group (n=20 per group). Body dissatisfaction was assessed using a 9-item scale from the 68-item Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was used to measure the dependent variable. The two intervention groups, HBIP and CCBT, received eight training sessions (90 to 120 minutes each), while the control group received no intervention. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test by SPSS 26 software.
Findings: There was a notable distinction in perfectionism levels among adolescents with body dissatisfaction between the HBIP and CCBT groups compared to the control group (p<0.01). Furthermore, the results showed a significant reduction in perfectionism among adolescents with body dissatisfaction in the HBIP group compared to the CCBT group.
Conclusion: The HBIP is more effective than CCBT in reducing perfectionism among adolescents with body dissatisfaction.

---

---

Anchors play a special role in geotechnical structures such as excavations. The anchor section in soil is generally divided into five zones including reinforcement element, grout, grout and surrounding soil mixture, shear zone and soil media. The main objective of the present research is to determine the soil-anchor interaction parameters for numerical modeling of anchored wall using FLAC2D software. Basically, the injection area determining is the main challenge in the anchor force nomination. According to the proposed method, the diameter of the injected area is determined based on the injection pressure, grout volume, porosity and shear zone thickness. It is shown that the diameter of the injected area is approximately increased by 40% relatively to the drilling diameter. The diameter of the injected area in rock media, however, is equal to the drilling diameter. The other parameters are determined using equalization of rock media formulas for soil media. In order to ensure the validity of the proposed method, the pull-out test is numerically simulated in FLAC2D software. The numerical results have been then verified with anchor tension results in an excavation project. The results indicate that ultimate load of anchor calculated from the numerical model is comparable with equations proposed by many researches. Also, there is a negligible difference between the displacement obtained in numerical simulation and pull-out test results. This method is therefore can be used in numerical modeling of anchored wall in soil media with high precision. Anchors play a special role in geotechnical structures such as excavations. The anchor section in soil is generally divided into five zones including reinforcement element, grout, grout and surrounding soil mixture, shear zone and soil media. The main objective of the present research is to determine the soil-anchor interaction parameters for numerical modeling of anchored wall using FLAC2D software. Basically, the injection area determining is the main challenge in the anchor force nomination. According to the proposed method, the diameter of the injected area is determined based on the injection pressure, grout volume, porosity and shear zone thickness. It is shown that the diameter of the injected area is approximately increased by 40% relatively to the drilling diameter. The diameter of the injected area in rock media, however, is equal to the drilling diameter. The other parameters are determined using equalization of rock media formulas for soil media. In order to ensure the validity of the proposed method, the pull-out test is numerically simulated in FLAC2D software. The numerical results have been then verified with anchor tension results in an excavation project. The results indicate that ultimate load of anchor calculated from the numerical model is comparable with equations proposed by many researches. Also, there is a negligible difference between the displacement obtained in numerical simulation and pull-out test results. This method is therefore can be used in numerical modeling of anchored wall in soil media with high precision.

---

A solution culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the salinity tolerance of 15 tomato genotypes in Hoagland’s nutrient solution with three levels of NaCl (0, 75, and 150 mM). The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with three replicates. After 30 days of imposition of salt stress, gas exchange parameters including transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, CO₂ assimilation rate, and intercellular CO₂ concentration were recorded and the harvested plants were characterized for growth (shoot/ longest root lengths and fresh/dry weights) and ionic characteristics (Na⁺, K⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio) parameters. All growth and gas exchange parameters decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations. However, this decrease was less in salt-tolerant genotypes as compared to salt-sensitive genotypes. It was also observed that with the increasing NaCl concentration in the rooting medium, the amount of Na⁺ in the plant tissues increased while the amount of K⁺ ion decreased. Thus, it was concluded that the plants with more K⁺ absorbing ability, with high K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, and higher growth were more salt-tolerant. Also, the results showed that fresh and dry weights, gas exchange characteristics, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio were very effective in determining salt tolerance of tomato. Considering the genotypes, Indent-1 and Nagina were characterized as salt tolerant and the Red Ball and Peto-86 as salt sensitive under saline conditions.

---

From a statistical perspective, internal erosion and piping are from the main causes of failure in earth-rockfill dams. If these dams were located in a narrow valley, the steep slopes of the valley walls can cause increasing in stress transfer in the core. Therefore, the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing phenomenon in this kind of dams is more probable. Bidvaz dam is an earth-rockfill dam with a thin inclined clay core. The dam is located in the Northeast of Iran with a distance of twenty kilometers from the Esfrayen city. It has a height of 66 meters from the foundation and constructed in a narrow valley with a width of 40 meters on river bed and a wall slope of more than 60 degrees relative to horizontal direction. After about seven and a half years of starting first filling, a subsidence was observed at the upstream slope surface of this dam. The initial assessments, based on the data recorded in instruments which were installed inside the body and dam foundation, show at the lower level of the core and adjacent to left abutment, pore water pressure gradually has been increasing and finally reached to the reservoir water pressure, and at the same time effective stress with abnormal rate reduced to zero. These observations confirm the occurrence of internal erosion in the lower levels of the core adjacent to the left abutment. Due to the steep valley walls and noticeable difference of compressibility properties between the core and shell materials, it is expected occurring significant stress transfer in the core especially adjacent to the valley walls. Therefore, the hydraulic fracturing can be considered as a main cause initiating the process of internal erosion in this dam. The main objective of this paper is to assess the validity of this hypothesis. To achieve this purpose, this paper used a three-dimensional numerical model to simulate the behavior of the dam during construction and reservoir filling. This model has improved in the environment of a finite difference software, called FLAC3D. In the formulation of numerical model, the flow and mechanical equations have been solved simultaneously. The 3D model has been calibrated based on the recorded data from the instruments. With using a number valid suggested theoretical and empirical relationships, hydraulic fracturing potential have been calculated and the contour distribution of fracturing pressure at upstream side of the core has been presented. Also, the contour distributions of factor of safety against occurrence hydraulic fracturing phenomenon were determined for all of the suggested relationships at the upstream side of the core. The findings show that, as expected, the steep slopes of valley walls and the difference of the compressibility properties of the core and the shell materials caused significant stress transfer at lower parts of the core and adjacent to the valley walls. Moreover, the values of factors of safety against occurrence hydraulic fracturing phenomenon in upstream side of the core are less than unity near the walls. So, the hydraulic fracturing phenomenon is the one of the main causes initiating the process of internal erosion in the core.

---

The hydraulic jump phenomenon is one of the most common phenomena in open channels. Hydraulic jump is a transition state from supercritical to subcritical flow regime, which normally occurs in conjunction with hydraulic structures, such as spillways, weirs, and sluice gates. A hydraulic jump phenomenon serves a variety of purposes, for instance, to dissipate the energy of flow to prevent bed erosion and aerate water or to facilitate the mixing process of chemicals used for the purification of water. Stilling basins are one of the most common structures for energy dissipation of flow with high velocities. The stilling basin has been accepted to be the most powerful hydraulic structure for the dissipation of the flow energy. The size and geometry of the stilling basin affect the formation of flow patterns, which can be influential for hydraulic performance of the whole system. The depth of water after the jump is related to the energy content of the flow, and any reduction in energy content with increased energy dissipation in the jump will reduce the required depth of flow after the jump. Sometimes these basins are supplied with appurtenances that increase the overall roughness of the basins. This in turn increases the energy dissipation, decreases the sequent depth, and requires a shorter basin for the full development of the hydraulic jump. There are plenty of research studies in the literature regarding the classical hydraulic jump in the usual rectangular straight stilling basin, but less for the hydraulic jump in other cross section shape of basins. Expanding gradually basin with the rectangular cross section acts as two separate hydraulic structures including stilling basin and transition. In this type of structures not only the transition can be eliminated, but the length of the basin will be also much smaller than what is designed for the usual straight basins. Researchers’ studies show that divergence in stilling basins reduce the sequent depth and the length of the jump while increasing the energy losses compared to the classic jumps. In this research, numerical simulation of the hydraulic jump was performed in divergence rectangular sections, and compared with the results of the laboratory, making use of the FLOW-3D software and the standard k-ԑ and RNG k-ԑ turbulence models. The effects of Vertical and Curve blocks on the specification of hydraulic jump were evaluated. The results showed that the standard k-ԑ turbulence model was able to predict the water level profiles in the hydraulic jump in divergence rectangular sections with appropriate and acceptable coincidence. Results showed that the mean relative error of water surface obtained from numerical model and measured values is about 3.55 percent. Also the numerical model showed the vortices that were accrued because of diverging walls as well as experiment investigations. The results show that creating the vertical blocks, reduces the sequent depth as much as 46.27 % and the length of the hydraulic jump as much as 17.64%, while increasing the energy loss as much as 31.57%, compared to the classic hydraulic jumps. The results also show that creating the Curve blocks, reduces the sequent depth as much as 69.76 % and the length of the hydraulic jump as much as 35.29%, while increasing the energy loss as much as 32%, compared to the classic hydraulic jumps.

---

In this study, fifteen commercial varieties, nine exotic genotypes, and three wild species of tomato grown in Eastern India were analyzed for variations in different phytochemicals viz. ascorbic acid, lycopene, total carotenoids, total phenolics content and total antioxidant capacity. Selected genotypes showed significant differences with respect to phytochemical composition. Among antioxidant property parameter, ascorbic acid content ranged between 12.62 to 76.15 mg 100 g^-1 of Fresh Weight (FW), whereas, the total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity varied from 41.10 to 139.59 mg GAE 100 g^-1 of FW and 1.16 to 4.52 µmol Trolex Equivalent (TE) g^-1 of FW, respectively. Among carotenoid parameters, lycopene and total carotenoids content in whole tomato fruit ranged between 0.47 to 5.48 and 1.14 to 5.79 mg 100 g^-1 of FW, respectively. Interestingly, it was found that, among the evaluated genotypes, Exotic Collection (EC lines) showed significant enriched amount of these phytochemicals. Results indicated that the maximum ascorbic acid (76.15 mg 100 g^-1 FW), total phenolics content (139.59 mg GAE 100 g^-1 of FW), and total antioxidant capacity (4.52 µmol TE g^-1 of FW) was highest in exotic collection EC 528372, while, lycopene (5.48 mg 100 g^-1 of FW) and total carotenoids content (5.79 mg 100 g^-1 of FW) were recorded highest in cultivar Rio Grande. Thus, this group of screened genotypes consisting of phytochemical rich wild species and exotic collection can be further used for improvement of functional quality of tomato in future breeding programs of India and the Indo Gangetic region.

---

Today, the embankment dams are considered more prominent than concrete dams because of its formation and lower cost. According to the official site of the International Commission on Large Dams, embankment dams account for about 64 percent of the world's total dams. The results of the statistical analysis of the International Commission on Large Dams showed that the main cause of damage of half of the embankment dam is erosion that usually occurs during the first impounding of the dam reservoir. Therefore, the stability and leakage conditions of the embankment dam should always be examined. Moreover, the analysis showed that drying of the embankment dam due to drought and re-watering the reservoir is similar to the first dam impounding and therefore it is necessary to investigate it. One of the factors affecting the physical and mechanical properties of embankment dams is the effect of drying and wetting cycles of the core soil due to high fluctuations in reservoir water levels during prolonged dry periods and re-watering. In this study, the effects of frequent wetting and drying cycles of Doosti dam clay core were investigated. Investigation of the effect of frequent cycles of wetting and drying on compressive strength of soil showed that by applying drying and wetting cycles on specimens prepared from Doosti dam core borrow area, the compressive strength of specimens decreased. Increasing the number of wetting and drying cycles of the specimens increases the intensity of the compressive strength reduction of the specimens so that the greatest decrease in compressive strength occurred in the third cycle. Application of wetting and drying cycles on the specimens showed that application of such cycles reduced the amount of soil cohesion. The highest decrease in cohesion of the specimens occurred in the first three cycles and in the next four cycles, the intensity of cohesion parameter decreased. The cohesion of the specimens was reduced by 50% by applying six drying and wetting cycles. Results showed that with increasing number of drying – wetting cycles, there is no significant change in internal friction angle. Furthermore, the results of the hydraulic conductivity test showed that the application of six cycles of drying and wetting increased the hydraulic conductivity by 1.9 times. Furthermore, the characteristic curves obtained in this study showed different drying and wetting cycles, indicating that the percentage of volumetric water content in all cycles decreased due to increased suction. The soil-water characteristic curve also shifts downward with increasing number of wetting and drying cycles, decreasing soil water retention capacity and increasing the possibility of internal erosion and dam instability. Finally, Doosti dam numerical modeling was performed using GEOSTUDIO software in end of construction conditions and in two cases without drying and wetting cycle and with six drying and wetting cycles. The results obtained for numerical modeling in general were very consistent with Doosti dam instrument readings. Moreover, the results of the core settlement after the six drying and wetting cycles compared to the non-cycled state in numerical modeling showed a 38.3% increase in the dam core settlement.
 
 

---

Ibn Al- Rumi, the great Arab poet of the 3^rd , century(AH) is well known as literary imaginer. He was also skillful in the  music of poetry as it made his poems pleasant and effective since the music in his poems was harmonized whit content and sensation. The most beautiful part of his music poetry is internal music that we cannot hear it obviously; however, but it is hidden behind the words and vowel and consonant letters creating it by repetition, paronomasia, epanalepsis, equations of words that divide the verses in the symmetrical units and taking two folds. Most of repetitions in his poems are invisible, and  the paronomasia is without mannerism. The duality in his poems as an originally technique appears in different forms like division of the same idea, antithesis, epanodos, etc.  

---

Microcosm experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions in order to estimate growth response and phytoremediation ability of A. japonica and A. pinnata. Plants were exposed to solutions of different Cu-concentrations [Cu] (0, 1, 2, 5 and 7 mg L^-1) and Zn-concentrations [Zn] (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg L^-1) under different incubation periods (0, 3, 6, and 12 days) along with control treatments. Lower metal concentrations [< 2 mg L^-1 (Cu) and < 1 mg L^-1 (Zn)] enhanced plant growth; however, growth was significantly inhibited at higher concentrations during Longer Incubation Periods (LIPs). Azolla species showed substantial metal removal capacity (on an average, Removal efficiency> 80% for Cu and > 60% for Zn during LIPs). The higher the metal concentrations with LIPs, the higher the metal removal amounts. Plant`s exposure to high (Cu) and (Zn) during LIPs showed changes in color and detachment of the roots that might result in plant death due to phytotoxicity effect. Highly significant relationships (r= 0.91<sup>**</sup> & 0.82<sup>**</sup> for Cu and r= 0.93<sup>**</sup> & 0.92<sup>**</sup> for Zn in case of A. pinnata and A. japonica, respectively) between metal removal amounts and metal concentrations in biomass indicated that phytoaccumulation was the possible mechanism for phytoremediation because the metals removed from solutions were actually accumulated into the plant`s biomass. The high value of bioconcentration factor indicated that Azolla species were hyperaccumulators, and can be deployed effectively for phytofiltartion of Cu and Zn.

---

The presence of heavy metals such as arsenic, cobalt, cadmium, lead and mercury in canned food is of great importance from the point of view of their toxicity and nature, and it covers a wide range of food. The presence of these metals in canned products is sometimes the source of the food, the type of can or the possibility of corrosion of the inner body of the used can is attributed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure and compare the concentration of heavy metals in canned food (strong acid, acid, low acid). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics methods were used to compare the mean and difference between the data, the one-way multivariate variance measurement and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to ensure the normality of the data and if there was a significant difference between the data , then Tukey's test was performed to separate the data. The results of this research showed that the average concentration of heavy metals was in the order of lead > mercury > cobalt > arsenic > cadmium, and among the available metals, lead with a total average of 0.2670 ± 0.019723 mg/ kg had the highest value and cadmium had the lowest value with an average of 0.0028±0.0049. Compared to international standards and other studies, all metals except lead were lower than the maximum value. Although the concentration of these metals in canned food samples was acceptable but it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that increase the presence of these metals in canned goods in order to control them and achieve a high-quality product.
 

---

---

In the present study, with the help of experimental studies and based on the basic relationships of unsaturated soil mechanics theory, an analytical model is proposed to estimate soil settlements due to groundwater level rise after construction and its importance in accurately estimating the final soil subsidence. To determine the geotechnical parameters used in the design, experiments are performed either under saturated conditions or at natural moisture, and the effects of changes in moisture; in other words, drying and wetting paths are not considered. However, in the event of rainfall, the burst of water and sewage pipes, leakage from absorption wells, rising groundwater levels, and similar phenomena, the soil becomes wet and its behavior changes, eventually leading to softening and imposing additional settlement which can cause damage to the surface structures. In traditional laboratory studies, this wetting is partially evaluated using the double consolidation test with the calculation of the collapsibility index. This assessment method is limited to soil with fully saturation in a one-dimensional and uncontrolled matric suction device. The results are qualitative and without enough accurate for use in settlement calculations in wetting paths for unsaturated soils. In this study, the behavior of silty soil under consolidated isotropic tests under saturated and unsaturated conditions as well as controlled wetting of consolidated specimens at constant loading with the help of an unsaturated triaxial device was investigated; Afterward; using the results of laboratory studies with presenting a analytical model based on the basic relationships of unsaturated soil mechanics and the theory of calculation of terzagi consolidation, the effect of water level rising on the shallow foundation settlements under constant loading was investigated. The results showed that the amount of soil settlements due to this phenomenon is related to the initial density and soil consolidation properties in unsaturated conditions, volumetric change characteristics in the wetting paths, dimensions and intensity of foundation loading, initial groundwater level depth and ascent rising rate. In the present study, for a square foundation with dimensions of 10 to 20 meters with constant loading located on the silty soil mass, the depth of the initial groundwater level of 25 meters and its rise from 1 to 10 meters, the settlement amount of about 5.5 mm ( For minimum foundation width and minimum water level rise) up to 49.5 mm (for maximum foundation width and maximum water level rise) was calculated. The results also show that the amount of settlement due to soil wetting is more dependent on the depth of the initial groundwater level and the rate of rising comparing with the dimensions and intensity of loading of the foundation.