دانشگاه تربیت مدرس فصلنامۀ نقد ادبی 2008-0360 16 64 2023 12 22 شناسنامه 1 1 18844 FA شناسنامه شناسنامه شناسنامه شناسنامه نقد ادبی نقدادبی Journal Article 1970 01 01

https://lcq.modares.ac.ir/article_18844_367afa16af963542400d7e21da891b75.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس فصلنامۀ نقد ادبی 2008-0360 16 64 2023 12 22 Literary Theory and Democracy (Reflection on the relationship between democracy and literary theories) نظریۀ ادبی و دموکراسی (تأملی دربارۀ رابطۀ دموکراسی با نظریه‌های ادبی) 2 32 18925 FA عیسی امن خانی دانشگاه گلستان 0000-0002-0365-964X Journal Article 1970 01 01 What is the relationship between democracy and literary theories? Some individuals have considered this relationship as cause and effect, they have said that the relationship between the two is direct; Cause and effect in the sense that one (democracy) is the cause of another (criticism/literary theory) and direct as there is no intermediary/variable between them. But it seems that the relationship between these two is more complicated than it appears primarily, because not only the relationship between literary theory and democracy is complex and multifaceted, but mediators such as minorities also play a role in it. Democracy as a political system has a long history. Despite this fact and its continuous evolution throughout history, many of its issues still remain unsolved and no definitive solution has been found. One of these issues is "minorities". The ideal of democracy is the management of society by all people, but the existence of minorities - who usually do not participate in society due to oppression - has made the realization of this ideal far from reach and difficult. Solving this difficult issue has been the concern of many theorists, especially democracy theorists. Establishing laws to protect minorities and so on has been one of these solutions. Literary theories are also one of these solutions to solve the problem of minorities. Literary theories - each of which deals with one or more groups of minorities such as women, immigrants, natives, etc. - attempt to free the minorities from the subjugation of others and provide the basis for their participation in the society. In this way, democracy will be exalted. Extended Abstract Introduction: Literary theories in Iran are employed to read literary texts and this relegates their status to mere instruments. This outlook toward literary theories is not incorrect at all; however, due to its overdominance most issues related to literary theories have been either marginalized or received scant attention. For instance, scholars have rarely addressed the relationship between the political systems, especially democracy, and literary theories or they have rarely asked why democracy has been the origin of literary theories or why literary theories have not emerged in totalitarian regimes such as Nazi German or Bolshevik Russia. According to the present study’s author, firstly, raising these kinds of questions about literary theories is as important as reading literary texts in the light of literary theories, and secondly, reflecting and doing research on these questions will contribute to a deeper and more precise understanding of democracy. The current article deals with the relationship between literary theories and democracy to clarify their relation. The author contends that one needs to pay attention to other mediators like minorities to elucidate the connection between literary theories and democracy because by disregarding these mediators one cannot explicate the link between democracy and literary theories. Conclusion: The history of democracy dates back to ancient Greece. Since then, democracy has experienced many events and different forms. Naturally, in the course of these years, many of its defects have been cured approaching its ideal form in which all people rule themselves. Nevertheless, there are still unresolved issues about democracy causing it to be inaccessible. The issue of minorities is one of them. Minorities are ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups whose right to participation in society has been taken away. To materialize the ideal democracy, not only must the minorities take part in social activities but also their voices have to be heard. To bring these minorities into society and support them in the face of majorities, many solutions have been presented such as passing international laws and drawing up contracts. Literary theories can contribute to this object as well. One of the goals of literary theories is to deliver minorities from their subjugation by bringing them from the margins to the center. For example, feminism, as a branch of literary theory, brought women into the text. Likewise, Marxism enabled the voice of the working class to be heard by the bourgeois class. In the same vein, Derrida’s deconstruction seeks to accomplish a similar goal. By deconstructing any type of centrism, deconstruction attempted to bring back all marginalized groups such as migrants to the text. Literary theories only seem to belong to the realm of literature, yet they have played an active role in redeeming the minorities from their subjugation. For instance, Iser and Jauss (key thinkers and critics of reader-response theory) endeavored to deliver readers from the domination of authors. In doing so, they paved the path for the readers to engage in the process of interpreting the text. رابطۀ دموکراسی و نظریه‏های ادبی چگونه است؟ برخی این رابطه را علت و معلولی دانسته، از بی‏واسطه بودن رابطۀ این دو گفته‏اند؛ علت و معلولی به این جهت که یکی (دموکراسی) علت دیگری (نقد/ نظریۀ ادبی) است و بی‏واسطه به این معنا که هیچ واسطه/ میانجی‏ای میان آن‌ها وجود ندارد. اما به‌نظر می‏آید که نسبت این دو پیچیده‏تر از آن باشد که در وهلۀ نخست به‌نظر می‏آید، چراکه نه‌تنها رابطۀ نظریۀ ادبی و دموکراسی پیچیده و چندوجهی است، بلکه واسطه/ میانجی‏هایی چون اقلیت‏ها نیز در آن نقشی تعیین‌کننده دارند. دموکراسی به‌عنوان یک نظام سیاسی سابقه‏ای طولانی دارد. علی‌رغم این پیشینۀ طولانی و تحولِ پیوستۀ آن در طول تاریخ، هنوز بسیاری از مسائل آن حل‌ناشده باقی مانده و راه‌حلی قطعی برای آن پیدا نشده است. یکی از این مسائل اقلیت‏ها هستند. آرمان دموکراسی ادارۀ جامعه به‌وسیلۀ همۀ مردم است، اما وجود اقلیت‏ها ـ که معمولاً به‌دلیل سرکوب، مشارکتی در جامعه ندارند ـ تحقق چنین آرمانی را دور از دسترس و دشوار ساخته است. حلّ این مسئلۀ دشوار دغدغۀ بسیاری از نظریه‌پردازان و به‌ویژه نظریه‌پردازان دموکراسی بوده است؛ وضع قوانینی برای حمایت از اقلیت‏ها و ... یکی از این راه‌حل‏هاست. نظریه‏های ادبی نیز یکی از این راه‌حل‏ها برای حل مسئلۀ اقلیت‏ها هستند. نظریه‏های ادبی ـ که هر کدام به یک یا چند گروه از اقلیت‏ها مانند زنان، مهاجران، «بَدَویان» و ... می‏پردازند ـ تلاش می‏کنند تا با رهایی اقلیت‏ها از انقیاد دیگران، زمینه را برای مشارکت آن‌ها در جامعه فراهم سازند و از این طریق دموکراسی را تعالی بخشند.

https://lcq.modares.ac.ir/article_18925_90965ec7ae54eb64593144a456e89b14.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس فصلنامۀ نقد ادبی 2008-0360 16 64 2023 12 22 Trauma and Narrative Therapy in The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende تروما و روایت‌درمانی در رمان خانه ارواح از ایزابل آلنده 33 63 18926 FA بهزاد پورقریب استادیار زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی ، دانشکده میراث فرهنگی ، صنایع دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر 0000-0002-6162-7312 Journal Article 1970 01 01 Literary works, particularly novels, serve as a form of psychotherapy, with psychologists often analyzing characters and their experiences within these works. Trauma, stemming from various psychological disturbances such as accidents, manifests as mental distress, stress, and a sense of insecurity. Judith Herman's narrative therapy theory suggests that trauma can lead to a dissociation from reality, causing individuals to forget or suppress memories. Recovery, according to Herman, involves narrating the trauma, accepting it, and reintegrating into normal life. This paper explores Isabel Allende's novel The House of the Spirits, which allegorically reflects a nation's turmoil through a family's history, through the lens of trauma and narrative therapy. It seeks to identify the traumas faced by the characters and their coping mechanisms. The novel demonstrates how storytelling and confronting trauma facilitate healing, portraying characters' journeys from anguish to liberation. The narrative depicts three stages of treatment—safety, remembrance, and mourning—culminating in the characters' return to normalcy. Extended Abstract Introduction The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende stands as a cornerstone of Chilean literature, encapsulating the tumultuous history of the nation through the symbolic narrative of the Trueba family. At the heart of this narrative lies the pervasive fear gripping characters scarred by profound experiences, their souls deeply affected. These experiences, classified as trauma within psychological sciences, serve as a focal point in the exploration of psychotherapy's role within literary works, particularly novels. Drawing upon Judith Herman's theory of narrative therapy, trauma emerges as a complex psychological phenomenon requiring a nuanced approach to healing. Herman posits that recovery from trauma involves a three-step process, with acceptance of reality being paramount. According to Herman, trauma survivors navigate a delicate balance of denying, remembering, and confronting their experiences, a dialectic essential for healing. This paper aims to scrutinize the presence of this dialectic and narrative therapy within The House of the Spirits, examining the traumas faced by its characters and their subsequent paths to resolution. It seeks to highlight the novel's capacity to portray trauma within the literary form and elucidate its role in facilitating healing and understanding. Findings and Conclusion The findings of this study reveal that the central characters of Esteban's narrative—his wife Clara and their grandson Alba—represent three generations within the same familial lineage. Esteban's profound trauma, stemming from the sudden demise of Rosa, whom he intended to marry, is a pivotal focus. Through a cathartic confrontation with Rosa's remains and subsequent disclosure of his ordeal, Esteban achieves liberation from his trauma, facilitating his return to a semblance of normalcy. Clara, who has long harbored her pain in silence, finds solace through the act of writing. According to Herman's model, this process of verbalizing and chronicling her anguish aligns with the stages of post-traumatic peace, where remembrance and mourning pave the path back to equilibrium. Similarly, Alba's harrowing ordeal in prison, intertwined with echoes of his grandfather's past actions, finds resolution through immersion in familial memories. By engaging with the recollections of his grandparents and contributing to the narrative of his family's history, Alba reintegrates into society, in harmony with the principles of memory therapy. The narrative demonstrates each character's journey toward healing and resolution, encapsulating Herman's assertion that trauma treatment is an ongoing process. While the story concludes at a juncture of apparent resolution, it acknowledges the potential for the reemergence of unresolved issues, as cautioned by Herman. Ultimately, The House of the Spirits encompasses the three stages of trauma treatment outlined by Judith Herman, providing a poignant depiction of resilience and redemption within the narrative framework. از کارکردهای آثار ادبی به‏ویژه رمان روان‏درمانگری است. روان‌شناسان بسیاری به آثار ادبی روی ‏آورده‏‏ و شخصیت‌ها و کنش و واکنش‌هایشان را از این حیث بررسیده‏اند. تروما یکی از مشکلات روانی آدمی بر اثر حادثه است و به هر گونه ضربه روحی گفته می‏شود که ناراحتی، استرس و ازدست رفتن احساس امنیت را درپی داشته باشد. جودیت هرمان در نظریه روایت‏درمانی خود معتقد است شخص درگیر تروما، هوشیاری خود را ازدست می‏دهد و قادر به یادآوری جزئیات نیست یا به عمد به فراموشی روی می‏آورد و حتی به سوگواری نیز نمی‏پردازد. درمان تنها با روایت ‏کردن واقعه و سپس پذیرش و بازگشت به زندگی عادی ممکن است مؤثر باشد. در این مقاله رمان خانه ارواح اثر ایزابل آلنده، که در قالب شرح حال خانواده‏ای به وجه نمادین اوضاع آن کشور تصویر می‏‏شود، از منظر تروما و روایت‌درمانی هرمان بررسی شده است. پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که شخصیت‌های این داستان با چه تروماهایی مواجهند و برای رهایی از آن چگونه عمل می‏کنند؟ هدف این است که ظرفیت‏های این رمان در تصویر تروما در قالب رمان نشان داده شود. نتایج نشان می‏دهد که با مشخص شدن تروماهای اشخاص داستان از طریق گفت‌وگوها و کنش و واکنش‏هایشان و نیز گفتار دانای کل رنج‏های روانی و بهبود آن‌ها در قالب روایت و خاطره‏درمانی نشان داده می‏شود. روایت‏ کردن تروماهای شخصیت‌های داستان، سرانجام به رهایی آن‌ها از درد و رنج منجر می‏شود. در این داستان سه مرحله درمان یعنی ایمنی، یادآوری و سوگواری، و تماس مجدد با زندگی عادی در زندگی شخصیت‌های داستان دیده‏ می‏شود.

https://lcq.modares.ac.ir/article_18926_325d7dbceacce9431b328585eab8971c.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس فصلنامۀ نقد ادبی 2008-0360 16 64 2023 12 22 Analysis of Interactions among the Actors in Zal and Rudabe Narrative Based on Landowskiâs Square of Regimes of Interaction and Meaning تحلیل تعاملات کنش‌گران روایت زال و رودابه از منظر نظام‌های معنایی چهارگانۀ لاندوفسکی 65 108 18927 FA سید محمد حسینی معصوم دانشیار زبانشناسی دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران حمیدرضا شعیری استاد زبان فرانسه، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران مرجان اکبری کارشناس ارشد زبانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0009-0001-3291-7935 Journal Article 1970 01 01 Passing from classical structuralist narrative semiology with a text-centered view and deterministic meanings towards semiotics is a transition from action and programming towards interaction. In classical semiology, the current of meaning is exclusively shaped through action and predetermined program and toward gaining the value object. But in semiotics, meaning is formed by creating a sensory-perceptual relationship with the phenomena, and is perceived through interaction with another person or co-subject. Such a meaning cannot be investigated only with semantic regimes of classical semiology, i.e. action and manipulation. Therefore, Landowsky proposed two complementary regimes, i.e. adjustment and accident. The present research probes to find what actions by the characters in Zal-and-Rodabe show the adherence of actors to Landowsky's regimes of interaction. It was found that when faced with challenges, some characters first follow a specific regime of interaction, but later, become inclined to other regimes. Others continue to adhere to a single regime. Examining the interactions shows the transition from the classical narrative regime based on action and program to the modern narrative based on interaction, which ultimately results in the unification of the characters towards the realization of a forbidden love. Introduction: Passing from classical structuralist narrative semiology with a text-centered view and deterministic meanings towards semiotics is a transition from action and program-centeredness towards interaction. In classical semiology, the stream of meaning is exclusively shaped through action and a predetermined program and toward gaining the value object. In fact, what is obtained is external to the actor and is the end that the actor intends to achieve. Therefore, it can be considered extrinsic and goal-oriented. Movement is also included in this regime because one place must be left and some stages must be passed so as to reach the place where the desired object is. But with the turn of semantic studies towards phenomenology and the emergence of a new field called semiotics, we witness the introduction of new words such as "body", "perception" and "sensory-perceptual relationship" into meaning studies. In semiotics, meaning is formed by creating a sensory-perceptual relationship with the phenomena and is perceived through interaction with another person or co-subject. Such a meaning cannot be investigated only with semantic regimes of classical semiology, i.e. action and manipulation. Eric Landowsky’s introduction of the two complementary semantic regimes of adjustment and accident happened in line with this turn. In the semantic regime of adjustment, a bilateral interaction is formed between related narrative factors as a consequence of a sensual affair. In fact, the two parties involved in the interaction feel each other and transmit this feeling to each other and sometimes to the entire narrative. In the regime of accident, which is based on luck and fortune, the interaction is realized by accident; the system is meaningless, and luck is shown in its purest form. Method: Linguistics provides scientific tools for the study of language and literature. Indeed, literature is a place for the manifestation of language in different forms and through the interaction of linguistics and literature, the discovery of meaning becomes possible. Therefore, re-examining ancient texts, trying to find patterns and semantic regimes, along with the use of linguistic theories facilitate the discovery of the meaning formation mechanisms. As a classic work and a great example of an epic narrative, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has various micro-narratives that are the objective manifestation of this phenomenon. The formation of meaning in these micronarratives is the result of the integrated function of these four regimes. One of the most interesting of these micronarratives is the story of Zal and Rudabeh. The present research was carried out using a descriptive analytical method and samples were selected from all parts of the story. The researchers first investigated the important and prominent parts of the story and then extracted the behaviors and reactions of the characters in the story when faced with the events. These reactions were analyzed based on Landowsky’s four semantic regimes. In this regard, the narrative was divided into three important periods in the life of the protagonist: Zal’s birth and isolation, taking him back from Simorgh (phoenix), and Zal’s love for Rudabeh. Then, the lines of the poem were anallyzed to identify the challenges and tensions of each period. The behavior of the main narrative characters against those challenges and tensions was reviewed in order to determine the degree of conformity of each performance with Landowsky's four semantic regimes. Since events in the story of Zal and Rudabeh contradict the wishes of the main actors, and because their thinking and action fail to solve these problems, the narrative stream pushes them towards adjustment and sometimes accident and thus becomes the solution to the challenge and tension. In the present paper, an attempt is made to find manifestations of these four regimes in the behavior and reactions of the narrative characters. In more precise terms, the main problem of this research is to examine the degree of conformity of the narration and the interactions of the actors and the characters in the narrative Zal and Rudabeh with the fourfold semantic regimes proposed by Landowsky. In this research, we are trying to see which of Landowsky’s semantic regimes corresponds to the meaning-making process in Zal and Rudabeh narrative when the main characters or actors face challenges. Results Using semantic regimes is one of the methods of creating meaning in narratives. These semantic systems help the narrative actor to advance narrative goals and overcome challenges and tensions. In the story of Zal and Rudabeh, two challenging tensions in the course of the story encourage each of the characters to act and apply these semantic regimes. Some of the characters of the narrative follow a specific semantic regime at the beginning, but in the middle of the story, they tend to shift to other semantic regimes. Still, some others continue to adhere to a single semantic regime. What can be raised at the end of this research is that the characters reach a consensus in order to achieve the fruit of love, which happens against the general norms of society. In fact, the course of events in the narrative has proved the ineffectiveness of action and program and reveals the necessity of creating bilateral communication and interactions in order to solve the narrative challenges. In the end, the outcome of the events in this story is towards the interactions of the actors and reaching the fusion. This merging takes place through the actions of the actors to interact with each other, i.e. Zal’s letter to his father, Sindokht’s visit to Sam, and Sam’s letter to Manouchehrshah. In the end, this chain of communication and interactions causes feelings and sensory connections to emerge in the form of consensus towards the acceptance of a forbidden love. This finding of the research can be considered a new achievement in the criticism and analysis of the narrative of Zal and Rudabeh. One of the most interesting points in the analysis of such narratives is the change in the structure of the narrative and the movement from the classical narrative to the modern narrative (cf. Shairi, 2019. b). Therefore, this convergence is the result of the movement from the classical narration to the modern narration. The turning of the narrative is from mere programming towards interaction and creating a sensory relationship. The actors who, in the course of the narrative, were striving to obtain value or objects in the outside world, simultaneously reveal aspects and ways of living differently and looking differently through interaction and agreement with each other. Keywords: semiotics, narrative, regimes of interaction & meaning, Eric Landowsky, Zal and Rudabe گذر از نشانه‏شناسی روایی کلاسیک ساختارگرا با دیدگاهی متن‏محور و معناهای تعینی به سمت نشانه‏معناشناسی، درواقع گذر از کنش و برنامه‏مداری به سمت تعامل است. در نشانه‏شناسی کلاسیک ساختارگرا، معنا در جریان روایت صرفاً از طریق کنش و برنامۀ ازپیش‏تعیین‏شده در جهت کسب ابژۀ ارزشی توسط کنشگر شکل می‏گیرد. اما در نشانه‏معناشناسی، ‏معنا از طریق ایجاد رابطۀ حسی ـ ادراکی با پدیده‏ها شکل می‏گیرد و از طریق تعامل با دیگری یا هم‏سوژه ادراک می‏شود. چنین معنایی صرفاً با نظام‏های معنایی نشانه‏شناسی روایی کلاسیک یعنی نظام معنایی کنشی و مجاب‏سازی قابل‌بررسی نیست. لذا اریک لاندوفسکی نظام‏های معنایی تطبیق و تصادف، را به‌عنوان مکمل دو نظام قبل مطرح کرد. پژوهش حاضر به شرح وتحلیل تعاملات بین شخصیت‏های داستان زال و رودابه در قالب این چهار نظام معنایی می‏پردازد. مسئلۀ پژوهش این است که چه عکس‏العمل‏ها و کنش‏هایی نشان از پای‌بندی کنشگران به نظام‏های معنایی لاندوفسکی دارد. مشخص شد که در مواجهۀ کنشگران با چالش‏های ایجادشده در متن روایت، برخی از شخصیت‌های در ابتدا از یک نظام معنایی خاص تبعیت می‌کنند، اما در میانۀ روایت به‏سمت استفاده از دیگر نظام‏ها متمایل می‏شوند. اما برخی دیگر، همچنان پای‌بند به یک نظام معنایی باقی می‌مانند. دیگر یافتۀ جدید در بررسی کنش‏ها و تعاملات شخصیت‏های این روایت، ترسیم گذر از نظام روایی کلاسیک مبتنی بر کنش و برنامه به سمت نشانه‏معناشناسی مبتنی بر تعامل است. به عبارتی دیگر، گذر از روایت کلاسیک به سمت روایت مدرن است که درنهایت هم‏آیی بین شخصیت‏های این روایت در جهت تحقق عشق پرچالش زال و رودابه را رقم می‏زند.

https://lcq.modares.ac.ir/article_18927_4d0ac884f6fdb0c44f281653697aa2cc.pdf

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس فصلنامۀ نقد ادبی 2008-0360 16 64 2023 12 22 Deep Ecology Versus Shallow Ecology: Comparative Study of Moniro Ravanipourâs Ahle Ghargh and Barbara Kingsolverâs Animal Dreams بوم‌شناسی ژرف‌نگر در تقابل با بوم‌شناسی سطحی‌نگر: خوانش تطبیقی اهل غرق اثر منیرو روانی‌پور و رؤیاهای حیوانی اثر باربارا کینگس الور 109 157 18928 FA نرگس رئوف زاده گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران،ایران راضیه اسلامیه گروه زبان، واحدپرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران مرتضی لک گروه زبان، واحد علوم تحقیقات تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-4409-7636 Journal Article 1970 01 01 In recent decades, due to the crises created in nature by humans, the review of the relationship between humans and nature has gained special importance. The existing gap between environmental damage and its reverberations has resulted in people’s lack of attention to the consequences of environmental destruction. By applying ecocriticism and relying on concepts such as anthropocentrism, biocentrism, deep ecology and shallow ecology, the present study, for the first time, compares the two novels, Ahle Ghargh (1989), by Moniro Ravanipour and Animal Dreaams (1990) by Barbara Kingsolver. While introducing deep ecology as postmodern environmental ethics, the research completely rejects the domination of anthropocentric ideology and considers self- realization and identification with nature to be the only way out of environmental crises. Ravanipour and Kingsolver suffer from eco-trauma caused by environmental destruction and they try to take an effective step in improving deficiencies in nature. Eco-trauma inspires both novelists to deal with the damage that humans, knowingly or unknowingly, cause to nature. The study aims to demonstrate the dominance of anthropocentric ideology, which brings a self-seeking and self-interested attitude, strongly causing the destruction of nature. By relying on biocentrism, deep ecology has no concern other than preserving the environment and its resources while it avoids damage to the environment with the aim of gaining profit. Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Industrialization and urbanization have led to the separation of man from nature and made a false impression related to the superiority of human beings. Based on such a paradigm, what follows, is solving environmental problems only for the benefit of human beings, according to the needs of their time. Such a limited view suggests that the environmental movement has generally operated on a case-by-case basis. As long as various issues are not considered as distinct predicaments, environmentalists will never be able to fully protect ecosystems from the destructive abuses of human development. By examining Moniro Ravanipour’s Ahle Ghargh (1989), and Barbara Kingsolver’s Animal Dreams (1990), considering how anthropocentrism has caused irreparable damage to the environment and ecosystem, the study considers the reconnection of man with nature by changing the pattern in his relationships as a solution. Ravanipour (1952- ), and Kingsolver (1955- ), have skillfully depicted the effects of environmental destruction on human life in their works. The study indicates that there is a meaningful intimacy between nature and reasonable behavior towards the environment. Therefore, physical contact with nature is the necessary factor of procuring a sense of connection with it. Ahle Ghargh and Animal Dreams are in harmony with the specific geographical region of their authors’ hometowns and illustrate the deep connection of the authors with where they were raised. The research is a reflection of anthropocentrism in different climates that has achieved valuable results from the comparison of the two studied novels. Ravanipour and Kingsolver consider current environmental concerns as a major threat to human well-being. The present study is an argument of the consequences of anthropocentrism and a utilitarian attitude towards nature. Contemplating concepts such as anthropocentrism, biocentrism, deep ecology and shallow ecology, the researchers consider industrialization and the urban lifestyle to be the cause of the physical separation of man from nature and the deepening of this alienation. The article aims to investigate anthropocentrism and its reflection in the works of Ravanipour and Kingsolver in a comparative manner to clarify environmental worldviews through the application of biocentrism and deep ecology. The study tries to reconcile intellectual similarities and styles of Iranian and American female novelists. Although the presence of British colonialism in Ravanipour’s Ahle Ghargh is differentiated from Kingsolver’s Animal Dreams, the dominant theme in both novels is the rupture between man and nature and the mental and psychological problems which result from such separation. By choosing two female novelists from two different regions, Eastern and Western, while emphasizing the deep connection between women and nature, the article aims to portray their similar concerns about environmental issues resulting from its destruction. The present research introduces deep ecology as a solution for controlling and ending crises. The comparative analysis proves that the two novels Ahle Ghargh and Animal Dreams are a reflection of criticism on modernity and shallow ecology which has led nature into regression. In both novels, nature is the main background of the story and is the driving force behind the events which has an inevitable effect on the characters of the story. Ravanipour and Kingsolver believe that the world is on the edge of an ecological abyss, and the reason is anthropocentric thought which considers man to be the center and ruler of the universe, with regard to his materialistic and profit-seeking disposition. The article is an example of the link between literature and environment which examines the similarities of Ahle Ghargh and Animal Dreams, for the first time, carrying out a comparative study of these two literary texts. In “What is Comparative Literature?” (2012) Alireza Anushirvani (1954- ), claims that comparative literature is an important field of literature and a branch of literary criticism that while regarding the interaction between the literature of various peoples, studies and analyzes their similarities and differences (37). This study aims to present a new reading of Ravanipour’s Ahle Ghargh and Kingsolver’s Animal Dreams by compiling the ideas of Arne Naess (1912-2009), Greg Garrard (1969), and using concepts such as anthropocentrism, biocentrism, deep ecology and shallow ecology. By analyzing two selected works, researchers noted the impact of biocentrism and deep ecology in restoring the discrete relationship between man and nature. Finally, in the concluding part, the findings of the study are summarized. 2. Methodology and Approach What has been on the human mind for a long time is the importance of preserving nature, plant and animal species, which have a very fundamental and inevitable role in maintaining the health of the human soul and psyche. In recent decades, due to the crises created by man in nature, the review of the connection between human and nature has become of significant importance. Meantime, literature has had a distinctive status and an excessive contribution in this field. Today, many intellectuals and critics seek to study the confrontation between human and nature. For this reason, a new field of study has emerged from the link between the humanities, that is literature and the natural sciences which is ecology. The combination of these two disciplines has led to the emergence of a new science called ecocriticism in the field of literary criticism, which aims to find the connection between human and nature. Ecocriticism was formed in the second half of the twentieth century. The term was first coined in 1978 by William H. Rueckert (b.1926), the American literature educator and writer. Taking into account environmental concerns, it tried to get help from the literature to preserve and improve the environment. Through an environmental approach to literary works, it attempts to create a new attitude to nature that leads to the improvement of human relationship with it. Ecocriticism is a recently developed critical approach which links the humanities, natural sciences, and environmental sciences. One of the notable recognized pioneers of ecocriticism is Cheryll Glotfelty (b.1958), the American professor of literature and environment at the University of Nevada, Reno. In The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology (1996), Glotfelty and Fromm define ecocriticism as ‘simply put, ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment” (xviii). They describe the environmental crisis and the various dimensions of the humanities, including anthropology. Glotfelty and Fromm study the aspects of ecology and predict the future of this branch of literary criticism due to the expansion of modern science. They believe that the main focus of discussion in ecocriticism is the correlation between literature and physical environment (Glotfelty & Fromm, 1996: 3). Greg Garrard in his outstanding book Ecocriticism (2004), examines the concepts of ecocriticism, such as dwelling, wilderness, pollution, animals, and the earth. He believed that “wilderness has an almost sacramental value: it holds out the promise of a renewed, authentic relation of humanity and the earth, a post-Christian covenant, found in a space of purity, founded in an attitude of reverence and humanity” (Garrard, 2004: 59). Ecocriticism aims to create an interactive approach between the language of nature and the literary language that it creates through environmental literary discourse. 3.Conclusion Since decades ago, humans have had a special consideration for the environment. The reason for such attention was the concern about the protection of nature against industrial development, urbanization, pollution, and significant climate changes. Industrialization and urbanization have caused the separation of human from nature and presented a false representation related to the superiority of human beings. In Ahle Gharg (1989), and Animal Dreams (1990), Moniro Ravanipour (1952- ), and Barbara Kingsolver (1955- ), reflect their environmental sorrow, try to take an effective step in improving the nature by changing the attitude of man in the environment. Both artists consider the alienation of human populations from nature as a product of industrial modernization and the rise of urbanization. This detachment is the result of a world view that regards human and nature as fundamentally in isolation while reflecting on the value of nature only as a means of fulfilling human needs. Generally speaking, the urban lifestyle has created a marked schism between man and nature. Physical intimacy with nature is necessary in order to create a sense of connection. Relying on an ecological narrative, Moniro Ravanipour and Barbara Kingsolver have managed to reveal the vulnerability of the environment and its impact on people’s lives since neither author has ever been a neutral observer in advocating the environment. In their works, Ravanipour and Kingsolver have taken effective steps to reveal the damage caused by anthropocentrism. By relying on what literature has given them, both novelists have skillfully dealt with problems and solutions. The environmental damage that humans purposefully or inadvertently cause to nature will return over time, although due to the deep gap between the damage and its consequences, effects may last for decades, or even centuries. Ravanipour and Kingsolver have clearly reflected this truth in their works by portraying the environmental despair which the protagonists of the novels face and the efforts they make to save nature. Both contemporary authors point out the seriousness of environmental issues while ruminating over the deep connection between human, nature, and the recognition of its damage, eventuating in environmental trauma. The misery following in the wake of environmental destruction drives the main characters of both novels towards experiencing trauma. Both novelists try to amplify people’s awareness of the environment. Nature plays an essential role in healing the complications of the soul and psyche so that they can reduce their suffering by taking refuge in it. In fact, the manifestation and excellence found in nature reduces stress and anxiety. Researchers believe that a comprehensive and non-hierarchical perception of all life forms should replace the hegemonic conceptual framework in which nature is merely a means for humans to take advantage of. In fact, the widespread belief is that humans are intrinsically more valuable than other creatures and nature should be replaced by empathy with nature. Ravanipour and Kingsolver deal with current environmental concerns since they believe they are real threats to man’s well-being. در دهه‏های اخیر به‌دلیل بحران‏هایی که بشر در طبیعت ایجاد کرده، بازنگری در رابطۀ انسان و طبیعت اهمیت ویژه‏ای یافته و در این میان ادبیات نیز سهم بسزایی‏ داشته است. شکاف موجود بین آسیب‏های زیست‌محیطی و پیامدهای آن، سبب بی‌توجهی انسان‏ها به عواقب تخریب‏های زیست‌محیطی شده است. مطالعۀ حاضر با بهره‏گیری از نقد بوم‏گرا و تکیه بر مفاهیمی چون انسان‏مداری، بوم‏شناسی‏ژرف‏نگر، بوم‏شناسی‏سطحی‏نگر و زیست‏مداری، برای نخستین‌بار به بررسی تطبیقی دو رمان اهل غرق اثر منیرو روانی‏پور و رؤیاهای حیوانی اثر باربارا کینگس الور می‏پردازد. پژوهش فوق با معرفی اخلاق زیست‌محیطی پست‏مدرن که بوم‏شناسی ژرف‏نگر است، سیطرۀ ایدئولوژی انسان‏مداری را به‌طور کامل رد کرده است و تنها راه نجات از بحران‏های زیست‌محیطی را خودشناسی و هم‌ذات‌پنداری با طبیعت می‏داند. روانی‏پور و کینگس‏الور هر دو از ترومای زیست‌محیطی که رنج ناشی از تخریب‏های زیست‌محیطی را شامل می‏شود رنج می‏برند و سعی دارند در بهبود اوضاع طبیعت گامی مؤثر بردارند. ترومای زیست‌محیطی هر دو نویسنده را ترغیب می‏کند تا با آسیب‏هایی که انسان‏ها آگاهانه یا ناآگاهانه به طبیعت وارد می‏سازند مقابله کنند. این تحقیق بر آن است تا نشان دهد چیرگی ایدئولوژی انسان‌مداری که نگرشی سودجویانه و منفعت‌طلبانه را به همراه دارد، به شدت سبب تخریب طبیعت می‏شود. این در حالی است که بوم‏شناسی‏ژرف‏نگر با تکیه بر زیست‏مداری ضمن خودداری از آسیب به محیط زیست با هدف کسب منفعت، دغدغه‏ای جز حفظ محیط زیست و منابع موجود در آن را ندارد.

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دانشگاه تربیت مدرس فصلنامۀ نقد ادبی 2008-0360 16 64 2023 12 22 Analytical Comparison of Espionage Methods in Seven Historical Literary Stories نقد روش‌‌شناسی و مقایسۀ تطبیقی و تحلیلی شیوه‌های جاسوسی براساس هفت داستان مشهور ادبی و تاریخی با تأکید بر داستان «پادشاه جهود» در مثنوی 159 206 18929 FA الهام عربشاهی کاشی دانش آموخته دوره دکترای زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشکده ادبیات و زبان های خارجی دانشگاه کاشان، ایران. رضا شجری دانشیار و عضو هیات علمی گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشکده ادبیات و زبان های خارجی دانشگاه کاشان، ایران. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Criticism of methodology and analysis of literary works is one of the important topics in the field of scientific and research works, which can shed light on the intertextual influence of literary texts, especially in fiction. In the present study, the authors, using the method of content analysis and comparative comparison, found one of the ways of espionage in the war in seven famous literary and historical stories "King of Jahud and Nasranian" in Masnavi and Hayat Al-Hayvan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh. and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitalian" in Tabari's history, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslimnameh. The results showed that the method of espionage in the story of King of Jahud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories. Extended Abstract Introduction One of the tools of war is deception, and one of the ways to deceive and overcome the enemy is to "infiltrate" the enemy's army with various methods and tactics, which is interpreted as espionage, and in fact, espionage in today's military literature is the collection of discourse, which is breaking into the enemy's camp to covertly collect military secrets, sabotage, or influence commanders and soldiers to defeat the military war. The method of hard penetration and espionage is one of the old tactics in war, when a person volunteered to defend the ideals of their country, nation, group or tribe by risking their life, this is somewhat reminiscent of the same jurisprudential ruling of "Tatarros" is also in Islam. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to criticize the methodology of war tactics and the method of "infiltration" in the enemy's army and overcoming them in seven famous literary and historical stories of King Jahoud and his Vazir-e Makkar Boles in Hayat al-Haivan Demiari, King Jahoud and Nasranian in Masnavi, Boom and Ghorab in Kelila and Demeneh, Shaghad and Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, Firozshah's battle with Hayatla in Tabari's history, Bibi Seti in Abu Muslimnameh and the battle of Zaba and Jezima in Balami's history. The study is an attempt to answer these questions: To what extent the methodological criticism and the comparative comparison of ancient literary and historical texts have been influenced by each other? Can the analysis of the content of ancient historical and literary texts help to reflect the unity of these texts? So far, many studies have been done on some of the historical and literary stories presented in this research separately; But in none of them, there is mention of methodological criticism and comparative comparison of the methods and tactics of infiltrating the enemy's army. Therefore, the authors have tried to, through methodological criticism, comparative comparison and analysis of the content of seven famous historical stories, look into the matter. In terms of the method of influence and war strategy, the authors looked at the intertextual influence of these texts and their similarities and differences and the extent of their influence on each other. In the current paper, seven famous literary and historical stories "King Jahoud and the Nasranians" in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitaliyan" in Tabari's Tarikh, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh , "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslim's book are critically reviewed and the differences and similarities of these texts are evaluated. The results showed that the espionage method in the story of King Jahoud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content. 2. Results Criticism of the methodology and comparative comparison of war tactics and the method of hard penetration in the enemy army in seven famous historical and literary stories showed that based on the components of comparative literature, it can be said that there were sometimes interactions and exchanges between the two nations; As in Masnavi, Kelila and Demna, we can clearly understand this cultural exchange between the two nations of Iran and India in Masnavi, Kelila and Damna. However, according to the theory of intertextuality, one cannot be considered the original version and the other a copy, rather, basically, such a plot has existed in thousands of other stories before these two stories in different nations. In other words, in the story of King Jahud, Bibi Seti in dealing with Abu Muslim's enemies, Firoz Shah's battle with Hayatele, Buf and Zagh, Shaghad and Rostam, Zaba and Qusayr Ebn-e Saad, Siavash and Sudabah, Yusuf and Zulikha, Shahzad and Kanizak. One of the characters in the story has tried to deceive the enemy's army with trickery, such as tearing his clothes, scratching his face, injuring himself (self-mutilation), humiliating and insulting him in public. The use of this trick in wars is one of the common ways; But in the three recent love stories, the difference can be seen that at the end of the story, the deceiver is disgraced and punished for his actions, such as Sudabah who was killed by Rostam or the scandal of Zulikha with the interpretation of Yusuf's dreams in prison. And also the disgrace and scandal of the maid can be mentioned with the testimony of the prince. Therefore, in the present study, the review and comparative comparison of seven famous literary and historical stories showed that the method of hard influence in the story of King Jahud in Hayat al-Hiyavan Damiri and Masnavi is stronger than the other mentioned stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories. As in the stories of Bom, Gharab, Firouzshah, Hayatle, Zaba, and Qusayr, hard influence and espionage are introduced through the lever of praising the military power of the enemy group and being rejected and accused among the insider forces. In the story of Bibi Seti in Abu Muslim Nameh, he used oppression and oppression by his own forces as a means of his hard influence on the enemy group, and in the story of Shaghad and Rostam, humiliation and insults and destruction of his personality by his own forces were his means of influence.What is certain is that the analysis of the qualitative content of the above-mentioned stories showed that the method of hard penetration in the story of Hayat al-Hiyavan and Masnavi was stronger and more effective than other stories. نقد روش‏شناسی و تحلیل آثار ادبی از موضوعات مهم در حوزۀ آثار علمی و پژوهشی است که می‏توان به تأثیر بینامتنی متون ادبی به‌ویژه در ادبیات داستانی پی برد و شباهت‏ها و تفاوت‏ها و میزان تأثیرپذیری آنان از یکدیگر را نقد و بررسی کرد. در پژوهش حاضر، نگارندگان کوشیده‏اند با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوا و مقایسۀ تطبیقی، یکی از شگردهای جاسوسی در جنگ را در هفت داستان مشهور ادبی و تاریخی «پادشاه جهود و نصرانیان» در مثنوی و حیات الحیوان دمیری، «بوم و غراب» در کلیله و دمنه، «نبرد فیروزشاه با هیطالیان» در تاریخ طبری، «شغاد و رستم» در شاهنامۀ فردوسی، «نبرد زبا و جزیمه» در تاریخ بلعمی، «بی‏بی ستی و ابومسلم» در ابومسلم‌نامه نقد و بررسی و تفاوت‏ها و شباهت‏های این متون را ارزیابی کنند و از طریق تحلیل محتوای داده‏های داستانی، پی‌رنگ واحد آن‌ها را به وضوح نشان دهند. نتایج نشان داد که شیوۀ جاسوسی در داستان پادشاه جهود و نصرانیان در مثنوی و حیات الحیوان از حیث ساخت و محتوا قوی‌تر از سایر داستان‏هاست، زیرا شیوۀ نفوذ در آن بر پایۀ نوعی جنگ شناختی است که بدون هیچ درگیری نظامی با هدف تسلط بر قدرت شناخت و نشانه‏ گرفتن باورهای دینی دشمن توانسته است در بین ترسایان اختلاف ایجاد کند و آنان را نابود سازد؛ اصلی که در داستان‏های دیگر رعایت نشده است.

https://lcq.modares.ac.ir/article_18929_aa432ddb48f87d2c5114f1c11e7c68a5.pdf